Structures 6/23/23 Flashcards
Deoxyadenosine monophosphate
also called dAMP
also called dAMP
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP), also known as 5’-adenylic acid, is a nucleotide. AMP consists of a phosphate group, the sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. It is an ester of phosphoric acid and the nucleoside adenosine.
ATP and structures
toulene
aniline
benzonitrile
Furan
pyrrole
thiophene
acetate ion
acetic acid
phosphoenol in glycolysis
Hydrazine
option 1
Other Hydrazines
pyrimidine
pyridine
imidazole
quinoline
isocitrate to alpha ketoglutarate
geminial dihalide
vicinal dihalide
phosphodiester bonds
anabolic process!
The anabolic processes are the reactions in which the smaller molecules come together to form larger complexes. The process is an endergonic process in which the energy is required for the formation of new bonds to form the larger complex molecules. The water molecule is removed and the phosphate group from 5 carbon of one nucleotide forms a bond with 3 carbon of another nucleotide. This reaction is an example of an anabolic process.
covalent bond linking phosphodiester bonds
formate ion
formic acid and sodium formate
difference btw acetate is has an H not a CH3 bonded to carbonyl!!
triglycerides !!!
butyrate
propionate
acetate
GI tract bacteria convert monosaccharides and polysaccharides into acetate, propionate, and butyrate, which are short chain fatty acids.
Uracil
what does n=23 look like
glycoside
what does a big punnet square look like, 16 dihybrid cross!!
Q. What does Flavin look like?
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
-Contain a prosthetic group that is a nucleic acid derivative of riboflavin:
-Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) or flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
-Complex I of the ETC contains a flavoprotein (FMN)
Flavoproteins
-Contain a prosthetic group that is a nucleic acid derivative of riboflavin:
-Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) or flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
-Prosthetic group generally required for catalytic activity
-Complex I of the ETC contains a flavoprotein (FMN)
-Complex II of ETC contains a flavoprotein (FAD)
-Flavoproteins are also important in DNA repair and free-radical scavenging
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
In different enzymes flavins may be present as covalently-bound riboflavin, or tightly (but non-covalently) bound riboflavin monophosphate (which is sometimes known as flavin mononucleotide, FMN) or flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
Coenzyme Q
Ubiquinone undergoes a two-electron redox reaction in two single electron steps, via a half-reduced semiquinone radical.
glucose creation of hemiacetal and anomeric carbon
enamine
diploid 2n=46
diploid as well 2n=46
schedule of reinforcement
cAMP
condensation and hydrolysis
centromeres and centrosomes
cAMP to 5’ AMP
DNA structure
A, G, C, T
odd chain fatty acids
ketone bodies
fatty acid beta oxidation 1
fatty acid beta oxidation 2
PPP
N
called principle quantum number
-associated with the energy level within atom
MAIN ENERGY LEVEL
L
azumathal or angular momentum quantum number, assciated with a sub level
when L=0, s sublevel sphere
l=1, p sublevel, dumbell
l=2, d sublevel, clover
l=3, f sublevel, undrawable
mL
magnetic quantum number, associated with specific ortbital within sublevel
ms
spin up or down
when n=1
l=0, L can only be 0,
Test 11 Q. 123.
In thin layer chromatography, using silica gel plates, the analytes can ineract with hte silica gel through H bonding. Which of the following classes of compounds would most likely have the strongest interactions with silica gel?
B. Carboxlyic acids
Then Alcohols, then esters, then ketones
Carboxlyic acids are ALWAYS more polar than alcohols, bc they can do more H bonding ! Carboxlic acid can do H bonding through carbonyl and OH much more interacting with silica with carboxylic acid compared to alochol!
esters, then ketones
Test 11 Q. 123.
Carboxlyic acids are ALWAYS more polar than alcohols, becuase they can do more H bonding ! Carboxlic acid can do H bonding through carbonyl and OH much more interacting with silica with carboxylic acid compared to alochol!
esters, then ketones
Test 11 Q. 127
Something lipid soluble great at getting through cell membrane, so “lipid soluble toxins must be oxidized before they are excreted. THIS IS ABOUT EXCRETION. Otherwise the toxins could not pass through:
Bowman’s capsule
Q128. Test 11
The lung cells of heavy smokers would be expected to have greatly increased concentrations of cP-450 (a protein) and:
b. mRNA sequences that code for cP-450
more gene expression, more protein produced from more mrna= more mRNA**** that means more put through factpr, how get many proteins produced from more mrna
not more rRna or tRNA
benzylamine
heterocyclic means one atom of ring has to be a N, so this is not considered a heterocyclic it is a primary amine
for heterocyclic amine N has to be part of the ring not as a substituent
benzylamine, primary amine
heterocyclic amines
heterocyclic means one atom of ring has to be a N, so this is not considered a heterocyclic it is a primary amine
for heterocyclic amine N has to be part of the ring not as a substituent
fumaric acid
malic acid
maleic anhydride
zinc is always
Many of the transition metals (orange) can have more than one charge. The notable exceptions are zinc (always +2), silver (always +1) and cadmium (always +2).
cell cycle
starch
it is not found in animal cells, which have glycogen instead we use glycogen instead. glycogen very similar to starch, but has shorter chains and is more branched.
cellulose is beta glucose
diethyl ether
Tetrahydrofuran (THF, oxolane)
Compound 3 is prepared from Compound 2 (Figure 2) by:
A.reduction of the ketone and lactonization of the gamma-hydroxyester.
B.hydrolysis of one ester and formation of an acetal from the ketoacid.
C.reduction of one ester and formation of an acetal from the gamma-hydroxyketone.
D.reduction of one ester and the ketone followed by dehydration to a ketoether.
gamma-hydroxyester.
First, NaBH4 reduces the ketone to a secondary alcohol, the gamma-hydroxyester intermediate. Secondly, the alcohol group in this intermediate then reacts as a nucleophile with the carbonyl in the ethyl ester in the same molecule, forming a new ester by displacing C2H5OH as a leaving group. This cyclic ester is called a lactone, and the intramolecular transesterification yielding this lactone is called lactonization.
if looking for acetal need one carbon attached to 2 R groups period.
hydrazine
vs.
azide
whats a semilogarithmic plot?
paper test 9 Q. 162
semilogarithmic plot= one axis that is linear one axis that is logarithmic, logarithmic is powers of 10 so see how y axis of answer choice d is not increasing in a linear way but inc in logarithmic way, interval 1 to 100 to 1000 etc…. going up by powers of 10 there that is logarithmic, x axis is hours going up in linear way!!! that is what semilogarthmic is like half and half
Q 28 Genetics problem set 4.3.24
two parents are carries for an autosomal recessive mutation that is 50% penetrant. What is the probability that their third child is health?
answer 7/8!!!
6/8 + 1/8= 7/8
Q 29 Genetics problem set 4.3.24
A plant species has two traits whose inheritance is controlled in a mendelian fashion. Thick leaves are dominant to thin ones, and creased leaves are dominant to uncreased ones. Assume that these genes reside on separate chromosomes. IF cross is performed between two plants that are thick creased dihybrids, and 320 progeny are obtained, roughly how many will be thin and creased?
separate chromosomes is an impotant thing to say because that means they assort independently and you can use 9:3:3:1 ratio! if genes are linked do not have 9:3:3:1 ratio, so cannot solve this problem unless you have other information**
= 60
3/16 X 320 = 60
Helium
deuterium vs tritium
AAMC Test 1 Q 27
Q27 line horizontal, so regardless of pH so potential Fe and Fe2+ in equilibirum are the same, the solution pH doesn’t change the line it is a horizontal line btw them, solution pH is not affecting potential at which these two things are interchanged, so transition btw the two is independent
Decibel Math
4.12.24 scribble
ATP
amanda Ch 9 equations
hydrostatic pressure vs osmotic pressure
Amanda 4.12.24 scribble
biotech amanda
4.12.24 scribble
Problem set Q 23
biotech amanda
4.12.24 scribble
Problem set Q 24
biotech amanda
4.12.24 scribble
Problem set Q 21
Amanda
4.12.24 scribble
What blood types look like
Amanda
4.12.24 scribble
electrolysis of molten salt
Amanda 4.12.24 scribble
A molecule is polar when?
Amanda 4.12.24 scribble
When is a gene linked?
Amanda 4.12.24 scribble
Monosomy vs trisomy
Amanda 4.12.24 scribble
FAD vs FADH
new metabolism notes
Amanda 4.03.24 scribble
dihybrid cross
Acid Chloride
or Acetyl Chloride
acetyl=which means Ch3 Chloride
acetyl=which means Ch3 Chloride
Esters are formed when acid chlorides react with alcohol nucleophiles. This is the preferred method for producing esters. To remove the HCl produced, pyridine is frequently added to the reaction mixture.
Acid Bromide
acetyl bromide
we saw that primary and secondary alcohols react with PBr3 to afford the corresponding alkyl bromide. In a similar fashion acid bromides can be formed from the carboxylic acid.
Mike AAMC Test 4 5/18/24
Q15
Mike AAMC Test 4 5/18/24
Q27
neither gas no liquid above critical point C is critical point, point A is sublimation point super critical fluid up into that region to right and above you dont need liquid or gas just something has properties of both, no longer a clear phase change or clear transition from one phase to the other*
Urea***
