EK B2 Ch5 Digestive System COPY Flashcards
Digestive system
- Breaks down food and absorbs constituents
- Can be thought of as a “tube within a tube”
- Digestive tract begins at mouth and ends at anus
- Digestive system is specialized (cows can digest plant cellulose, humans can’t)
Three classes of organisms classified by diet
- Carnivore = meat eating
- Herbivore = plant eating
- Omnivore = meat and plant eating
digestive tract
- Digestive tract and liver are contained in the peritoneal cavity
- Digestive tract has several tissue layers
- Mucosa secretes mucus and enzymes, is the epithelium that lines inside of tract
- Submucosa surrounds mucosa, contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves
- Inner muscle layer (circular muscle) surrounds submucosa
- Outer muscle layer (longitudinal muscle) surrounds inner muscle
- Serosa and peritoneum surround muscle
GI motility and peristalsis
- Smooth muscle contraction in GI enables food movement and mixing
- Peristalsis is wavelike smooth muscle contraction that propels food forward
- Peristalsis functions throughout digestive tract
Mouth and ingestion
- Food is ingested and tasted in the mouth
- Mechanical digestion by teeth and tongue
- Lubricate food with saliva and chew to smaller bits
- Chemical digestion of carbohydrates
- Salivary amylase breaks down starch → smaller sugars
- Chewed food is shaped into a bolus
- Tongue moves bolus to back of mouth, swallowing moves bolus into pharynx
pharynx
Pharynx and esophagus do not digest food
• Pharynx is entrance to digestive and respiratory systems
pharynx and esophagus
- Pharynx and esophagus do not digest food
- Pharynx is entrance to digestive and respiratory systems
- Esophagus leads to digestive system
- Trachea leads to respiratory system
- Epiglottis is a flap that covers the trachea during swallowing
- Peristalsis moves bolus through pharynx to esophagus
- Lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter controls entry of bolus to stomach
- Sphincter = smooth muscle ring
sphincter
= smooth muscle ring
trachea
leads to respiratory system
Esophagus
Esophagus leads to digestive system
stomach 2
- Mechanical digestion from churning (smooth muscle contractions)
- Chemical digestion of protein
- Little absorption in stomach (only water, alcohol, a few drugs)
- Stomach is elastic, folds (rugae) expand to accommodate food
Secretions include alkaline mucus, hydrochloric acid, and pepsinogen zymogen
- Secretions controlled by hormones and nervous system
- Acid environment (pH ~ 2)
- Acidity inactivates bacterial and viral pathogens, denatures proteins
- Acidity inactivates salivary amylase, activates pepsinogen → pepsin
- Mucus and tight junctions protect stomach lining
- Lack of mucus or failure of junctions → ulcer (sore)
pepsin
- Acidity inactivates salivary amylase, activates pepsinogen → pepsin
- Pepsin hydrolyzes proteins into shorter polypeptides
Chyme
- Chyme = soupy, partially digested food mixture
- Chyme exits stomach through the pyloric sphincter
stomach cell types
- Chief cells secrete pepsinogen
- Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid (pump H+ and Cl–)
small intestine
- Chemical digestion of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid
- Absorption of most nutrients
- Longest part of the digestive tract
- Three regions of small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
- Most digestion takes place in duodenum
- Most absorption takes place in jejunum, ileum
- Acidic chyme is neutralized by sodium bicarbonate (from pancreas)
- Ileocecal valve controls exit to large intestine
small intestine enzymes and secretions
- Key digestive substances in small intestine are made in the pancreas and liver
- Small intestine secretes a hormone called cholecystokinin (CCK)
- CCK stimulates release of bile from gallbladder and enzymes from pancreas
- Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder
- Proteases, lipases, amylase, DNAse, RNAse from pancreas
• Small intestine makes some of its own enzymes to hydrolyze protein and carbohydrates
Bile
- is made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder
- Bile emulsifies fats (mechanical digestion increases fat surface area, then lipases perform chemical breakdown)
CCK
- Small intestine secretes a hormone called cholecystokinin (CCK)
- CCK stimulates release of bile from gallbladder and enzymes from pancreas
Aminopeptidase
Aminopeptidase cuts protein from N terminus
Small intestine makes some of its own enzymes to hydrolyze protein and carbohydrates: aminopeptidase is one of them
Maltase
Maltase hydrolyzes maltose → glucose and glucose enzyme of small intestine!
Sucrase
Sucrase hydrolyzes sucrose → glucose and fructose small intestine enzyme
Lactase
Lactase hydrolyzes lactose → glucose and galactose small intestine enzyme
small intestine microscopic structure
- Small intestine surface has “brush-border” appearance
- Surface is covered with villi (finger-like protrusions)
- Each villus is a single layer of cells
- Each cell has many microvilli
- Villi and microvilli vastly increase surface area
- Large surface area aids absorption and digestion
nutrient absorption in the small intestine
- Nutrient absorption occurs by diffusion, passive, and active transport
- Two key routes for nutrient absorption: blood and lymph
- Each villus has capillaries and a lacteal (lymph vessel) • Amino acids and glucose → capillaries → blood
- Blood flows directly to liver via hepatic portal vein
- Fatty acids and glycerol → packaged as chylomicrons → lacteal → lymph
chylomicrons
- Chylomicrons are protein-coated fat droplets
- Chylomicrons are made from glycerol and fatty acids in small intestine epithelial cells
large intestine
- Large intestine is also called the colon
- Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
- Sigmoid colon leads to rectum and anus
- Appendix is at end of cecum
- Colon absorbs H2O and salt from chyme
- As water is absorbed, residual undigested food is converted to feces
- Colon has more bacteria than any other part of digestive tract
- Mutualistic bacteria digest some food and provide vitamin B and K
large intestine chyme
- If chyme moves too quickly, water is not absorbed, stool is watery: diarrhea
- If chyme moves too slowly, too much water absorbed, stool is hard: constipation
pancreas
- Produces sodium bicarbonate to neutralize chyme in small intestine
- Secretes digestive enzymes (exocrine) into small intestine
- Trypsin (from trypsinogen) hydrolyzes peptides
- Chymotrypsin (from chymotrypsinogen) hydrolyzes peptides
- Carboxypeptidase (from procarboxypeptidase) hydrolyzes peptides from C terminus
- Pancreatic amylase breaks down carbohydrates
- Pancreatic lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
- RNAse and DNAse digest nucleic acids
Chymotrypsin
• Chymotrypsin (from chymotrypsinogen) hydrolyzes peptides
Trypsin
Trypsin (from trypsinogen) hydrolyzes peptides
Carboxypeptidase
Carboxypeptidase (from procarboxypeptidase) hydrolyzes peptides from C terminus
Pancreatic amylase
Pancreatic amylase breaks down carbohydrates