EK B2 Ch4 Circulatory System Flashcards
circulatory system
transport system! transports hormones, Transports metabolic wastes to kidneys for filtration by excretory system
blood
Blood is considered a connective tissue****
- Composed of cells and plasma
- Two cell types: red blood cells and white blood cells
- Centrifugation will separate cells (in pellet) and plasma (in supernatant), pellet is lower down part and supernantant fluid floating above where plasma the watery part of blood
plasma
- ~90% water, why changing blood volume is very much about reabsorption of water*
- Contains proteins, hormones, nutrients, salts, and metabolic wastes
- Osmoregulatory proteins: maintain osmolarity, blood volume and pressure
- Albumin is a major osmoregulatory protein
- Albumin also a carrier protein for fat-soluble hormones and cholesterol
- Many antibodies in gamma-globulin fraction, fraction when spin blood called gamma-globulin fraction
- Clotting proteins (prothrombin, fibrinogen, etc.)
osmoregulatory proteins
needs to be a certain solute concentration in blood to hold enough water in blood, like with kidney proteins don’t get filtrated out, lot of filtration and fluid goes into kidney but don’t want all of the water to go into filtrate so having some osmotic pressure is so important! proteins and other solutes as well help to maintain blood volume, maintaining osmotic pressure of blood
osmosis
drive of water to go where more solute, form of passive transport
albumin 1
very big doesnt ever enter nephron!
- circles around carries fat soluble hormones and cholesterol (hydrophobic molecules not happy in blood stream itself, in aqueous part of blood)
- carrier protein for fat soluble molecules to float around in aqueous environment of blood do can hitch a ride on albumin
serum
Plasma minus clotting proteins, technical difference whether clotting proteins are present or not
gamma-globulin fraction
• Many antibodies in gamma-globulin fraction, fraction when spin blood called gamma-globulin fraction where antibodies would be if looking for antibodies, one treatment for covid ppl experiment with
Clotting proteins
• Clotting proteins (prothrombin, fibrinogen, etc.)
Red blood cells
• RBCs = erythrocytes formal name
red blood cells 2
- No nucleus or organelles (both are lost during RBC development) as they mature lose all nucleus and organelles, become specialized machines for carrying oxygen meaning get stuffed with hemoglobin
- Contain hemoglobin, which binds O2
- Hemoglobin confers red pigmentation to RBCs and blood
- RBCs are continuously generated in red marrow
- Lifespan is ~120 days
- Old and damaged RBCs are removed from circulation by the spleen and liver
hemoglobin
makes red blood cells red, so the red blood cells are born in bone marrow, center of long bone are marrow, where all red and white blood cells are generated from stem cells, red blood cells then circulate and after they circulate for about 120 days get removed by spleen and liver
anemia
- Anemia = reduced number of RBCs
- Low hemoglobin → lack of O2 → weakness and fatigue hemoglobin carries oxygen, so low of this feel weak and fatigued not getting enough oxygen
- Three general causes of anemia =
- Decreased RBC production: iron deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia (low vit. B12) • Increased RBC destruction: hemolytic anemia (e.g., sickle cell anemia)
- Loss of blood due to bleeding (hemorrhage, internal bleeding)
- Hematocrit = volume of red blood cells/ total blood volume
- Low hematocrit could signal anemia or malnutrition
3 reasons why anemia occurs
- Decreased RBC production: iron deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia (low vit. B12). every hemoglobin needs iron in it 2. Increased RBC destruction: hemolytic anemia (e.g., sickle cell anemia) -red blood cells destroyed, cells because their is an abnormality in hemoglobin, cells sickle form crescent shape cannot carry oxygen as well, role up to crescent shape, tiny ability, stick in capillaries very painful come into ER With sickling crisis genuinely need opioid painkiller, someone just telling us asked about it - get lots of transfusions, then have all these complications with transfusions, can start getting autoimmune complications, so different causes of death for sickle cell anemia 3. Loss of blood due to bleeding (hemorrhage, internal bleeding) -any kind of internal bleeding, lots of elderly ppl have anemia, clue have some slow internal GI bleed going on that needs to be investigated, also plenty of women of reproductive age get mild anemia monthly lots of ways in which anemia can trigger somethign else going onw ith bleeding
circulatory system 1
- Circulatory system moves O2 and nutrients to tissues, collects wastes
- Transports oxygenated blood from respiratory system
- Transports nutrients absorbed from digestive system
- Transports metabolic wastes to kidneys for filtration by excretory system
- Transports hormones from endocrine system
- Critical role in thermoregulation, maintains temperature in tissues
- Circulatory system is closed in vertebrates (heart and vessels form a complete loop)
- Main elements are blood, blood vessels, heart
white blood cell 1
- WBCs = leukocytes
- Generated in red marrow
- Are characterized as granular or agranular
- Granular WBCs are the -phils all given last phrase “phils”
Neutrophils
are phagocytes: eat bacteria, dead cells, and debris, most common WBC work horses of white blood system
Eosinophils
• Eosinophils respond to parasitic infections, allergic reactions (stains red w/ acidic eosin) white blood cells dedicated to responding to parasitic infections, sign so much mroe common and important in our past, here living in western context right now dont see as many but our ancestors dealt with many more parasitic infections, basophilis more improtant medating allergic or inflammatory responses
Basophils
mediate allergic and inflammatory responses (stains w/ basic dye)
Agranular
WBCs are lymphocytes (B and T cells) and monocytes/macrophages
- Lymphocytes are B and T cells and mediate the immune response= responsible for adaptive immune activity
- Monocytes/macrophages are professional eating (phagocytic) cells
- Leukemia = inappropriate expansion of WBCs in marrow = cancer
- Pus = bacteria, live and dead neutrophils and other WBCs at infection site
granular vs agranular
agranular doesn’t have dots, granular does have dots
monocytes
grow up to be macrophages but both are phagocytic, like neutrophilis go around chomping up debris
leukemia
lymphocytes are a subcaterogy of leukocytes**** so there leukemia is an issue with leukocytes, inappropritate proliferation of white blood cells or leukocytes in bone marrow***
pus
bacteria, live and dead neutrophils and other WBCs at infection site sometimes sign of infection, reason why have a lot around an area some kind of infection or pathogen* sign you are responding to it but depending how bad infection is if huge amount of pus signals huge underlying infection
platelets
- Platelets are cell fragments, not full cells! only fragments of cells are platelets!!!
- Lack a nucleus in mammals*** question passage talking about some protein found in nucleus if carry out etc ask about genetics, question researchers couldnt study this protein and ex associated types of cells so anything involving nucleus couldn’t study in platelts because do not have a nucleus
- Critical for clotting
clotting/coagulation cascade 1
• Requires Ca2+, platelets, and a zymogen activation cascade cascade:
- At site of injury, blood vessel first contracts, reducing blood flow to limit amount of gushing and blood loss
- Platelets come and stick to wounded region → attract more platelets → forms a temporary clot (so get a cut it bleeds kind of stops bleeding after a while, difference to scab later, initial stopping of gushing blood is thanks to platelets) THEN wound itself and platelets send out molecules signaling to start clotting cascade, one zymogen becomes activatd becomes proteases, then cuts next zymogen and that becomes activated and cuts the next one, whole series of reactions, know end of cascade!
- Clotting cascade forms more robust fibrous clot
- Many clotting factors are zymogens that are inactive proteases
- Zymogen is cut → becomes active protease → cuts and activates the next zymogen
6. Platelet/clotting factors cut prothrombin to thrombin
7. Thrombin cuts fibrinogen to fibrin
8. Fibrin is insoluble and precipitates from blood, forming a sticky, fibrous clot
9. Hemophilia results from defects in clotting factors
- All clotting proteases are made in the liver
prothrombin
activated in blood clotting cascade to thrombin, and then thrombin cuts fibrinogen to make fibrin*
fibrin
material that makes up scab
clotting cascade 2
- mutation in gene for any of those proteins= end up with hemophilia
10. All clotting proteins/proteases are made in the liver*
arteries
A artery A for away, carry blood away from heart
- Arteries carry blood away from heart
- Arterioles are smaller arteries
veins
VENULES= smaller veins carry blood towards from heart
3 main types of blood vessels
• Three main types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries when blood leaves heart goes to = Arteries → arteriole networks → capillary bed → venules → veins
capillaries
-walls only one cell thick, walls made of Endothelial cells
• Capillaries are the smallest blood vessel (one cell thick)
questions asked previous about circulatory, in certain disease if someone gets blood clot in capillary and clot to come loose and travel where does it go next?
so then next goes to venules, if clot forms in venules where would it go from there answer would be a vein*
blood vessel structure
Three layers in a blood vessel=
- Endothelial layer lines the vessel
- Smooth muscle layer surrounds endothelial layer
- Connective tissue layer surrounds smooth muscle layer
- Arteries/arterioles have thicker walls (carry higher pressure blood) blood is under way higher pressure
- Veins/venules have thinner walls (carry lower pressure blood) thinner walls, blood moving through them is under lower pressure
- Capillary is just endothelial layer- all exchange with tissues takes place at layer of capillaries!!! gasses diffuse, no oxygen and carbon dioxide crossing in and out of arteries or veins for that matter becuase walls are too thick
- Gases diffuse through thin capillaries, but cannot pass through thick arteries and veins
- Capillaries often have pores, larger molecules and cells can sometimes pass
arteries v veins pressure wall thin vs thick
- Arteries/arterioles have thicker walls (carry higher pressure blood) blood is under way higher pressure
- Veins/venules have thinner walls (carry lower pressure blood) thinner walls, blood moving through them is under lower pressure
capillaries can be leaky diffuse…..
capillaries can often be leaky, when start to dilate can have larger molecules leaking out into intersitial area, when dilate allows nuetrophils and other cells to escape from capillary and go out into surrounding area to help chomp up debri and bacteria
- Gases diffuse through thin capillaries, but cannot pass through thick arteries and veins
- Capillaries often have pores, larger molecules and cells can sometimes pass
Vasodilation
Vasodilation → increased vessel diameter → reduces blood pressure
Vasodilation → more heat exchange with tissue/organ smooth muscle relaxes
Vasoconstriction
smaller vessel diameter, inc blood pressure, smooth muscle contracts= what is responsible for making diameter smaller or larger
Vasoconstriction → smaller vessel diameter → increases blood pressure
Vasoconstriction → less heat exchange with tissue/organ
Vasoconstriction vs vasodilation
- Smooth muscle around blood vessels can contract and relax (mainly arteries/arterioles)
- Can regulate blood flow to each tissue as required, underlying mechanism for sympathetic vs parasympathetic smooth muscle lead to artery dilate not focused on digesting lunch don’t need as much blood flow to digestive system, so smooth muscles around arteries leading to digestive system will contract and you will get vasoconstriction, way a body prioritizes one function versus another depending on what is going on at the moment, autonomic nervous system controls that parasympathetic vs sympathetic nervous system determines priorities for blood flow
vasconstriction vs vasodilation 2
also contribute to heat being exchanged! opening up of vessels lets more heat out, vasoconstriction way of conserving heat!
- Controlled by autonomic nervous system
- Vasoconstriction → less heat exchange with tissue/organ
- Vasodilation → more heat exchange with tissue/organ
heart
- Heart has four chambers
- Two atria, left and right, receive blood from tissues
- Two ventricles, left and right, pump blood towards tissues
- Septa are muscle walls that separate ventricles and atria
- Valves between atria and ventricles prevent backflow
- Semilunar valves (pulmonic and aortic) regulate exit from RV and LV
- As blood fills atrium, pressure opens valve, blood flows into ventricle (fluid accumulationg pushes down toward AV valves, downward pressure opens up blood flwo to ventricles)
- Ventricle filled with blood–>pressure prevents PULMONIC/AORTIC valve from opening, those need to stay close when ventricle filling up, want iblood to leave LV and RV with a huge force, blood has to travel a huge distance, so has to be deliberatly forced out and pumped through ventricles, do not want blood drip dripping into ventricle and then dripping into aorta, will not have hte force to make it through the system–> what this means is semilunar valves are closed until forceful contraction from ventricles, action potentials get all the way to apex and purinkin fibers hte electrical prt of all of this, then those P. fibers cause ventricles to contrat then vencticle systole, THAT FORCES semilunar valves open so blood will go out in forceful way from ventricles what youw ant**** with big action potential energy behind it*
- Efficient pumping allows a higher body temperature and faster metabolism
heart 2
- right atrieum, to right ventrical, to pulmonary artery, to the lungs to pick up oxygen /oxygenated, then back through pulmonary veins, left atrium then left ventrical, then out through aorta* largest artery and other arteries from there
valves
obviously very important to stop backflow of lblood RA and right ventrical= tricupsid valve La and LV= bicupsid valve, also called mitral valve both atrioventricular valves, meaning between atrial and ventrical, close when ventricles are contracting so dont get blood going back up
gap junctions in heart
gap junctions in between cells that make up walls of heart
Semilunar valves
• Semilunar valves (pulmonic and aortic) regulate exit from RV and LV
- pulmonic valve right where blood leaves RV and goes to lungs
- aortic valve right where blood leaves LV and goes into aorta and rest of body
- pulmonic and pulmonary all means lungs*
Tricuspid valve
Tricuspid valve is between RA and RV
pulmonary circuit
when blood goes to lungs and back, and when blood goes out to aorta and all the way around the body through vena cava to right side of the heart is systemtic circulation, which is really most of our body
Bicuspid valve
Bicuspid valve (mitral) is between LA and LV
pulmonary artery
- carries deoxygenated blood, only artery in body that carries deoxygenated blood****
- artery because carrying blood away from the heart, carrying it to the lungs* that is why it is called the pulmonary ARTERY even though carrying less oxygenated blood–> goes to lungs–> more gas exchange occurs, blood gets oxygenated and comes back to the heart*
veins 2
carry deoxyganted blood, returning to heart to pick up oxygen again, but pulmonary veins which are bringing blood back to lungs are carrying oxygened blood* most veins in body are carrying blood already dropped off oxygen and going back to heart, only pulmonary veins are oxygenegated
major arteries and veins
- Aorta is a major artery, carries blood from LV
- Aorta splits into smaller arteries
- Veins from lower regions fuse into the inferior vena cava → RA
- Veins from upper regions fuse into the superior vena cava → RA
- Carotid artery → brain → jugular vein
- Subclavian artery → shoulders → subclavian vein
- Coronary artery → heart → coronary vein, circles around outside of heart because the muscles making up walls of heart need to be nurished by own supply of oxygenated blood, not nurished by blood pumped by heart* need own**
- Renal artery → kidney → renal vein
Carotid artery
Carotid artery → brain → jugular vein
after blood leaves these arteries
jugular vein, subclavian vein, coronary vein, renal vein
veins from lower regions… veins from upper regions….
- Veins from lower regions fuse into the inferior vena cava → RA
- Veins from upper regions fuse into the superior vena cava → RA both vena cavas are last vessels before heart itself*