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structured questions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a lipase enzyme only acts on one substrate.
explain why it does not act on other substrate

A

the active site of lipase is only complementary to the shape of fats.
other substrate will not be able to bind to lipase.
hence no reaction occurs

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2
Q

describe the lock and key hypothesis of enzyme action

A

the enzyme has an active site complementary to the shape of the substrate.
the substrate fits into the active site, forming enzyme-substrate complex
hence reaction occurs

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3
Q

cells in the palisade layer have more chloroplasts than cells in the spongy layer. suggest a reason for this

A

the palisade layer is nearer to the top surface hence it is exposed to more sunlight for chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis

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4
Q

name the process by which water is lost through stomata

A

transpiration

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5
Q

suggest how the guard cells prevent wilting on a hot day

A

when guard cells become flaccid, stomata closes

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6
Q

suggest a reason why a person may feel tired when the valves fail to work properly

A

blood flowing to the body contains less oxygen

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7
Q

describe ad explain one difference in the structure of arteries and veins

A

veins contain valves while arteries do not
because blood flow in veins is under low pressure. vales prevent the back flow of blood to the heart

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8
Q

suggest how a person knows they have a build up of lactic acid

A

muscles fatigue
cramps

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9
Q

describe the process that occurs in mitochondria

A

describe aerobic respiration

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10
Q

suggest in terms of the function of a sperm cell, why it has a large no. of mitochondria

A

so as to release energy during aerobic respiration so that the sperm can swim towards the oviduct

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11
Q

suggest and explain what would happen to the patient´s heart if he did not undergo the by-pass surgery

A

the cardiac muscles will not receive sufficient blood which transports oxygen and glucose. the muscular walls may die resulting in heart attack

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12
Q

what is the function of the thin film of moisture on the surface of the spongy mesophyll cells

A

it is to dissolve gases

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13
Q

describe how water is lost from the leaves from the intercellular spaces in the leaves

A

water vapour diffuses out of the stomata of the leaves

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14
Q

which blood vessels contains blood that has both high oxygen concentration and high blood pressure

A

aorta

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15
Q

state two health benefits for a smoking who stops smoking

A

the person would experience improved cardiovascular and immune health which decreases the risk of heart attack, stroke and lung cancer
person would not have a cough as much and have less respiratory problems

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16
Q

suggest what measures might be taken by government to reduce the harmful effects of smoking on health

A

implement higher taxes
education on the harmful effects of smoking

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17
Q

explain why is there no lactic acid found in the muscles at the first 2 minutes of race/ exercising etc

A

it is because there was enough energy released from aerobic respiration

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18
Q

explain how smoking leads to the development of bronchitis

A

it contains irritants that paralyses cilia
mucus builds up, causing difficulties breating

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19
Q

2 health benefits for a smoker who stops smoking

A

reduce risk of disease (lung cancer & heart disease)

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20
Q

explain why smoker has less oxygen in their blood than the healthy person

A

the rate of diffusion is reduced due to smaller surface area of damaged alveoli
healthy lung has a larger surface area than damaged lung

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21
Q

why athletes train at a height of 2000m

A

at high altitude, the body produces more red blood cells, this increases the capacity of oxygen delivered to muscles for respiration

22
Q

stomata open smaller means that

A

slower rate of photosynthesis

23
Q

where is more stomata found

A

more stomata found on the lower than upper surface

24
Q

describe how water is lost from the leaves from the intercellular spaces in the leaves

A

water vapour diffuses out of the stomata

25
Q

do stomata close or reduce in size?
and how this resulted in change of the shape of stomata

A

it reduce in size.

guard cells bcm flaccid and change shape to close stomata

26
Q

describe how wilting occurs and the changes in the leafy shoo when it wilts

A

rate of water loss is greater than water absorbed, the plant cell become flaccid. stomata closes and plant wilts

27
Q

explain how water containing red dye reaches the leaves

A

due to transpiration
water vapour is lost through the stomata of the leaves
creates suction force whichcauses red dye solution to be absorbed into the xylem tissues at the base of the stalk

28
Q

pathway taken by the water as it moves from the potometer through plant stem and into the surrounding air

A

water transported up the xylem to the leaves by transpiration pull
in the leaf, water will move out of the xylem and into the surface of mesophyll cells by osmosis, forming a layer of moisture around the surface
water evaporates into the cellular air space and diffuses out through the stomata to the surrounding air

29
Q

why is it beneficial to place the plant shoot upside down

A

since stomata are found on the underside of the leaf
allow gases produced to escape more easily

30
Q

describe what happens to each products after photosynthesis

A

glucose stored in the leaves. it converts into starch for plant to use
oxygen diffuse out of the leaves from the stomata
it can also be used in respiration in plants
glucose - aerobic respiration
glucose - cellulose found in cell wall ‘

31
Q

what happens when ventricle fail to work properly. suggest why a person may feel tired

A

an insufficient oxygen blood is pumped around the body
blood consist of oxygen, thus a person may feel tired

32
Q

suggest why amount of exercise may have an effect on the chance of a person dying from coronary heart disease

A

exercise is a form of stress relief
exercise helps to increase metabolic rate and burn excess fat
preventing the deposition of fats

33
Q

explain why lactic acid is produced in the muscle cells of the athletes

A

insufficient oxygen
therefore anerobic respiration occurs

34
Q

why blood sugar level rise and then falls in the hours after breakfast

A

blood sugar level rise as food (carbs) digest in small intestine and being absorbed into bloodstream
decreased as liver will be stimulated by insulin to convert into glycogen

35
Q

physical digestion in small intestine

A

break down large food to small molecules using bile emulsification

36
Q

chemical digestion

A

breaks down of large food to smaller soluble molecules by enzymes

37
Q

physical digestion of mouth

A

chewing

38
Q

physical digestion of stomach

A

churning

39
Q

does xylem contain nucleus

A

no

40
Q

the order of formation of blood clot

A

platelet
prothrombin
fibrinogen
fibrin

41
Q

explain why cells in the alimentary canal contain many ribosomes

A

to synthesis proteins as enzymes are needed in the digestion of food

42
Q

the function of capillary

A

allows for diffusion and exchange of substances

43
Q

explain why lactic acid is produced in the muscle cells of the athlete

A

insufficient oxygen therefore anaerobic respiration

44
Q

what happens to the amino acid when it enters to the bloodstream

A

used by cells to make proteins
excess amino acids undergo deamination forming urea in the liver

45
Q

what happens to the glucose when it enters to the bloodstream

A

release energy by respiration
it is converted to glycogen in the liver for storage one

46
Q

one adaptation of villi and its function

A

the walls of villi are one cell thick
this reduces diffusion distance allowing for faster absorption of nutrients

47
Q

is nucleus found in a root hair cell of a plant

A

yes

48
Q

name the process by which water vapour is lost through the stomata

A

transpiration

49
Q

darker green colour of leaf means…

A

more chlorophyll

50
Q

suggest why babies born to mothers who smoke have lower birth weight than average

A

babies receive less oxygen and it is needed for cell growth

51
Q

why hepatic portal vein has the highest concentration of amino acids and glucose

A

as it is absorbs glucose and amino acids and is transported from small intestine to liver
liver has lower concentration cos excess glucose is converted into glycogen and excess amino acids are broken down by deamination

52
Q

describe what happens in respiring muscle cells during exercise

A

rate of aerobic respiration increases
energy released during aerobic respiration occurs
lactic acid is produced

z-biology (11 decks)

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