respiration in humans Flashcards
what are the 2 characteristics of alveoli
gaseous exchange happens (diffusion)
capillaries from pulmonary artery supply oxygen poor blood to the alveoli
what are the 3 adaptations to enable the efficiency of gases
thin film of moisture
one cell thick, wall of the alveoli
walls of the alveoli, richly supplied with blood capillaries
what is the function of thin film of moisture
allows oxygen to dissolve in before diffusing into the bloodstream
what is the function of one cell thick
very short diffusion distance for gases to enter/ exit the bloodstream
what is the function of walls of the alveoli, richly supplied with blood capillaries
flow of blood maintains the concentration gradient of gases
what gases diffuses out of the bloodstream and into the alveoli
carbon dioxide
what gas diffuses in the bloodstream
oxygen
what are the 4 effects of tobacco smoke
nicotine
tar
dust particles
carbon monoxide
what are the chemical properties of nicotine
an addictive drug
releases adrenaline = energetic
makes blood clot easily
what are the chemical properties of carbon monoxide
combine with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin
increase rate of fatty deposits in inner walls of coronary artery
what are the chemical properties of tar
uncontrolled cell division
paralyses cilia lining the trachea and bronchi
what are the chemical properties of dust particles
paralyses cilia lining the trachea and bronchi
what is cilia
it is hair like that brush up the mucus to the nose, if necessary
what are the 3 respiratory disease
chronic bronchitis
emphysema
lung cancer
what is chronic bronchitis
it is where the airway is inflamed
excessive mucus secretion
cilia lining of the airway is paralysed
what is emphysema
walls of alvoeoli break due to violent coughs
= reduction of surface area available for gaseous exchange
what are the symptoms of chronic bronchitis
difficulty in breathing
persistent coughing
what are the symptoms of emphysema
difficulty in breathing
wheezing
what is lung cancer
uncontrolled cell division of cells producing outgrowths
or lump of tissues
larynx consists of
voice box and vocal chords
which organ in the respiratory system allows the expansion of lungs during breathing
ribs and diaphragm
aerobic respiration equation
glucose + oxygen –> CO2 + H2O + large amt of energy
anaerobic respiration equation
glucose –> lactic acid + small amt of energy
when exercising vigorously, is aerobic respiration gives off enough energy?
nope as it may not meet the demand required for muscle cells
what is limited by our breathing and heart rate
amount of oxygen that is transported to our muscle cells
when exercising vigorously, where does aerobic and anaerobic respiration occur in our body?
it occurs in our muscle cells
what is lactic acid
build up of lactic acid decreases the pH of our blood
where is lactic acid transported
it is transported from the bloodstream to the liver
it is converted back into glucose
what is oxygen dept
it is the amount of oxygen needed to convert lactic acid to glucose after exercise
thus breathing and heart rate remain high for a while to repay oxygen
to provide the large amt of oxygen that the body still requires
aerobic respiration occurs in which part of a cell
mitochondria
what are the effects of nicotine on the body
increase heart rate of heartbeat and blood pressure
increase risk of blood clots in arteries and coronary heart disease
what are the effects of carbon monoxide on the body
reduce the ability of blood to carry oxygen
narrows lumen of arteries and increases blood pressure and coronary heart disease
what are the effects of tar on the body
increase risk of lung cancer
dust particles trapped in mucus air passage, cannot be removed = increase risk of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
what are the effects of dust particles on the body
increase risk of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
what causes fatigue and muscular pain
the build up of lactic acid
where does the lactic acid removed from
it is removed from the muscles and transported to the liver
when all the lactic acid is converted, is the oxygen dept repaid?
yes
