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z-biology > respiration in humans > Flashcards

respiration in humans Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 2 characteristics of alveoli

A

gaseous exchange happens (diffusion)

capillaries from pulmonary artery supply oxygen poor blood to the alveoli

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2
Q

what are the 3 adaptations to enable the efficiency of gases

A

thin film of moisture
one cell thick, wall of the alveoli
walls of the alveoli, richly supplied with blood capillaries

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3
Q

what is the function of thin film of moisture

A

allows oxygen to dissolve in before diffusing into the bloodstream

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4
Q

what is the function of one cell thick

A

very short diffusion distance for gases to enter/ exit the bloodstream

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5
Q

what is the function of walls of the alveoli, richly supplied with blood capillaries

A

flow of blood maintains the concentration gradient of gases

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6
Q

what gases diffuses out of the bloodstream and into the alveoli

A

carbon dioxide

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7
Q

what gas diffuses in the bloodstream

A

oxygen

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8
Q

what are the 4 effects of tobacco smoke

A

nicotine
tar
dust particles
carbon monoxide

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9
Q

what are the chemical properties of nicotine

A

an addictive drug
releases adrenaline = energetic
makes blood clot easily

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10
Q

what are the chemical properties of carbon monoxide

A

combine with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin

increase rate of fatty deposits in inner walls of coronary artery

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11
Q

what are the chemical properties of tar

A

uncontrolled cell division

paralyses cilia lining the trachea and bronchi

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12
Q

what are the chemical properties of dust particles

A

paralyses cilia lining the trachea and bronchi

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13
Q

what is cilia

A

it is hair like that brush up the mucus to the nose, if necessary

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14
Q

what are the 3 respiratory disease

A

chronic bronchitis
emphysema
lung cancer

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15
Q

what is chronic bronchitis

A

it is where the airway is inflamed
excessive mucus secretion
cilia lining of the airway is paralysed

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16
Q

what is emphysema

A

walls of alvoeoli break due to violent coughs

= reduction of surface area available for gaseous exchange

17
Q

what are the symptoms of chronic bronchitis

A

difficulty in breathing

persistent coughing

18
Q

what are the symptoms of emphysema

A

difficulty in breathing

wheezing

19
Q

what is lung cancer

A

uncontrolled cell division of cells producing outgrowths

or lump of tissues

20
Q

larynx consists of

A

voice box and vocal chords

21
Q

which organ in the respiratory system allows the expansion of lungs during breathing

A

ribs and diaphragm

22
Q

aerobic respiration equation

A

glucose + oxygen –> CO2 + H2O + large amt of energy

23
Q

anaerobic respiration equation

A

glucose –> lactic acid + small amt of energy

24
Q

when exercising vigorously, is aerobic respiration gives off enough energy?

A

nope as it may not meet the demand required for muscle cells

25
Q

what is limited by our breathing and heart rate

A

amount of oxygen that is transported to our muscle cells

26
Q

when exercising vigorously, where does aerobic and anaerobic respiration occur in our body?

A

it occurs in our muscle cells

27
Q

what is lactic acid

A

build up of lactic acid decreases the pH of our blood

28
Q

where is lactic acid transported

A

it is transported from the bloodstream to the liver

it is converted back into glucose

29
Q

what is oxygen dept

A

it is the amount of oxygen needed to convert lactic acid to glucose after exercise
thus breathing and heart rate remain high for a while to repay oxygen
to provide the large amt of oxygen that the body still requires

30
Q

aerobic respiration occurs in which part of a cell

A

mitochondria

31
Q

what are the effects of nicotine on the body

A

increase heart rate of heartbeat and blood pressure

increase risk of blood clots in arteries and coronary heart disease

32
Q

what are the effects of carbon monoxide on the body

A

reduce the ability of blood to carry oxygen

narrows lumen of arteries and increases blood pressure and coronary heart disease

33
Q

what are the effects of tar on the body

A

increase risk of lung cancer

dust particles trapped in mucus air passage, cannot be removed = increase risk of chronic bronchitis and emphysema

34
Q

what are the effects of dust particles on the body

A

increase risk of chronic bronchitis and emphysema

35
Q

what causes fatigue and muscular pain

A

the build up of lactic acid

36
Q

where does the lactic acid removed from

A

it is removed from the muscles and transported to the liver

37
Q

when all the lactic acid is converted, is the oxygen dept repaid?

A

yes

z-biology (11 decks)

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