Structure of the airway Flashcards
Define respiration
Providing oxygen to the body, and removing carbon dioxide through inhalation and exhalation
How does the body increase the size of the thorax?
Contraction (and lowering) the diaphragm and raising the ribs
Creating a negative intra-thoracic pressure (that sucks air through the conductive passages to the lung)
How is the air warmed, filtered and humidified?
In the conchae. Mucus, cilia, vascular mucosa
Does any type of exhalation require energy?
Most of normal exhalation require no muscle activity, as it is a passive movement. However, forced exhalation is an energy-involved process
Entry into the nasal cavity is via?
The nares
What holds open the nasal cavities?
Combination of bones and cartilage
What lines the nasal cavities?
Highly vascularised mucosal membrane lined with respiratory epithelium
What are the names of the bones around the septum?
Ethmoid (superior)
Vomen (inferior)
What is the septum made of?
Anteriorly: Septal cartilage
Posteriorly:
Bone
What are the boundaries of the nasal cavities?
Nasal septum
Hard and soft palates
Bone (ehmoid, frontonasal, sphenoid, roof)
Nasal conchae
What is the function of conchae?
Provide turbulence and increase the surface area for air flow and heat exchange
Which meatus allow joining spaces with maxillary sinuses?
Middle
Where do the orbits lie in relation to the nasal cavity?
Lateral
What is the role of sinuses?
Assist in warming incoming air, as well as significantly reducing the weight of the skull
What does clearance of mucus depend on?
Ciliary action
Name all the nasal sinuses
Frontal
Ethmodial
Sphenodial
Maxillary
What drains tears from the conjunctive of the eye?
Nasolacrimal duct
What is the characteristic of the nasal mucosal membrane?
It is highly vascularised
Where is the common area for apistaxis or nosebleeds?
Kiesselbach area (rich in anastomosing arteries - orange in colour)
Where is all smells signalled to?
Olfactory epithelium
What are the three parts of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Larygopharynx
What divides the nasopharynx from the oropharynx?
Soft palate
What allows the epiglottis to close?
Aryepiglottic fold, which forms the laryngeal inlet, which is a protective sphincter. Closure of the inlet is by elevation of the larynx
What is the only bone in the body that is not connected to any other bone?
Hyoid bone
What does the larynx consist of? Name all of the continents.
1 bone and 6 cartilage
Bone: Hyoid
Cartilage: Single: 1. Thyroid 2. Epiglottic 3. Cricoid Paired 4. Arytenoid 5. Corniculate 6. Cuneiform
What is the location of incision?
Cricothryroid membrane
What is the upper and lower edges of the quadrangular membrane?
Aryepiglottic fold is upper
Vestibular fold is lower
Where is the saccule located? and what is its function?
Within the opening of the laryngeal ventricle, and there are mucosal glands which help lubricate the vocal folds
What is the opening of the vocal folds?
Rima glottidis
