Acute inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes of acute inflammation?

A
  1. Microbial infections
  2. Hypersensitivity reactions
  3. Physical agents
  4. Chemical agents
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2
Q

What are the physical characteristics of acute inflammation?

A
  1. Red (dilation of blood vessels)
  2. Hot (Increase in temperature due to increased blood flow)
  3. Swollen (due to oedema, and some contribution from inflammatory cells)
  4. Painful/tender (stimulation of nerve endings by pressure and chemical mediators)
  5. Loss of function
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3
Q

What is oedema?

A

Excess of watery fluid collecting in tissues or cavities of the body

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4
Q

What is hyperaemia?

A

Increased blood flow

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5
Q

What are the phases of acute inflammation and describe them?

A

Vascular (dilatation and increased permeability) and exudative (fluid and cells escape from permeable venules)

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6
Q

When is there an increased in permeability during inflammation?

A

During Vascular phase

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7
Q

Define exudate

A

A mass of cells and fluid that has seeped out of blood vessels during inflammation. They are high protein content, and has a high turnover

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8
Q

Give examples of proteins of an exudate

A

Immunoglobulin and Fibrin

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9
Q

Highlight the differences between exudate and transudate

A

Transudate
Is fluid pushed through the capillary due to high pressure within the capillary

No net flow out
Normal vascular permeability
Low protein content

Exudate
Is fluid that leaks around the cells of the capillaries caused by inflammation

Net flow out
Increased vascular permeability
High protein content

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10
Q

What increases vascular permeability?

A

Chemical mediators including histamine and bradykinin

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11
Q

What are the beneficial effects of acute inflammation

A
  1. Dilution of toxins
  2. Entry of antibodies
  3. Fibrin formation
  4. Transport of drugs
  5. Delivery of nutrients and oxygen
  6. Stimulation of the immune response
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12
Q

What are the harmful effect of acute inflammation?

A

Inappropriate inflammatory response
Swelling
Digestion of normal tissue

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13
Q

What is the diagnostic feature of acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophil accumulation in the extracellular space

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14
Q

What is the function of neutrophil?

A
Kill organisms 
Degrade necrotic tissue 
Produce chemical mediators
Produce toxic oxygen radicals 
Produce tissue damaging enzymes
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15
Q

What is a necrotic tissue

A

dead tissue that cannot be salvaged and must be removed to allow wound healing to take place

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16
Q

What are the stages of neutrophilic mechanism

A
  1. Margination
  2. Pavementing
  3. Diapedesis
  4. Migration
17
Q

Name some chemotactic compounds

A

Bacterial products
Some complement components
Products of neutrophil activity

18
Q

Name the four enzymatic cascade systems

A

Complement system
The kinins
The coagulation factors
Fibrinolytic system

19
Q

how do chemical substances released from the injured tissue spread?

A

Outwards into uninjured areas

20
Q

Where are chemical mediators derived from?

A

Cells and extracellular sources

21
Q

What do chemical mediators cause?

A
Vasodilatation
Emigration of neutrophils
Chemotaxis
Increased VP 
Itching and pain