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Microbiology > Structure, Function, Reproduction, Classification > Flashcards

Structure, Function, Reproduction, Classification Flashcards

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1
Q

Which microbial association is described by the host not being harmed or benefiting from the organism? (shelter and food)

A

commensalism

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2
Q

Which microbial association is described as “obligatory and dependent” where both members benefit?

A

mutualism

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3
Q

In which microbial association is the host harmed and the organism benefits?

A

parasitism

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4
Q

An example of _ relationship is with bacteria that lives in our ears simply because it is warm and full of nutrients

A

commensalism

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5
Q

Most relationships that we have with organisms is _

A

mutualistic

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6
Q

Why are we hesitant when prescribing antibiotics?

A

Because of all the mutualistic relationships, we don’t like having to destroy those organisms that result from over prescription

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7
Q

Which microbe is described by “prokaryotic, no nuclei, single celled organisms, live singly, in pairs, chains, clusters”?

A

bacteria

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8
Q

Which microbe is described by “acellular, not visible by microscope, obligatory microbes composed of genetic material surrounded by protein coat”?

A

viruses

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9
Q

Which microbe is described by, “eukaryotic, possess a nuclei and cell wall, organelles, obtain nutrients from other organisms”?

A

fungi

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10
Q

Which microbe is described by “eukaryotic, single-celled organisms, possess a nuclei”?

A

protozoa (typically a parasite)

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11
Q

Which microbe is described by, “eukaryotic, multicellular, possess a nuclei, visible with the naked eye”?

A

Helminths (typically a parasite)

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12
Q

Why is is helpful that bacteria are prokaryotic?

A

because we are eukaryotic so Px medication does not harm the host

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13
Q

Which infection is more serious, bacterial or viral?

A

bacterial (ex. bacterial meningitis)

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14
Q

When developing drugs for fungi what part of the cell are we targetting?

A

the cell wall

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15
Q

T/F: antifungal medications are associated with far more adverse effects than antibacterial medications because they are eukaryotic

A

True

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16
Q

_ are what make certain bacteria are able to resist antibiotics

A

plasmids

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17
Q

_ can be shared with other bacteria to convey how to resist antibiotics, therefore it is important to always take the full dose Rx to knock the bacteria out

A

plasmids

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18
Q

“_” means pairs

A

step

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19
Q

“_” means a cluster

A

staph

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20
Q

An example of streptococci is _

A

strep throat

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21
Q

T/F: shape of the colony, margin/edge, elevation, surface texture and pigmentation are all important to identification

A

True

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22
Q

Polar- Vibrio spp. is an example of a bacteria with _ amount of flagella

A

Single (ONE)

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23
Q

Polar- Spirillium spp. is an example of a bacteria with _ amount of flagella

A

double (TWO)

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24
Q

Peritrichous- Escherichia coli spp. is an example of a bacteria with _ of flagella

A

a lot

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25
Q

T/F: A bacteria with a flagella has a greater ability to make us sick as opposed to ones that do not

A

True

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26
Q

What part of the bacteria facilitate the formation of biofilms?

A

Fimbriae

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27
Q

_ act as adhesions, binding to specific host cells receptors - important role in adherence, a critical step in infection

A

Fimbriae

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28
Q

_ - used to transfer DNA from one bacteria to another (facilitate the movement of plasmids)

A

conjugation pili

29
Q

_ is a protective substance surrounding come bacteria, normally made of polysaccharides, the presence/ absence can be used for classification

A

Glycocalyx

30
Q

_ is really good for holding onto inorganic material such as catheters and IV lines and are very hard to penetrate through with antibiotics

A

slime layer

31
Q

What is a slime layer?

A

It is sticky and loose - prevents dehydration, allows bacteria to bind to surfaces and form a protective layer encapsulating colonies of bacteria

32
Q

T/F: capsules are shared amongst bacteria to be able to survive antibiotics

A

False, capsules facilitate adherence and impairs phagocytosis

33
Q

T/F: capsulated bacteria is better at making us sick

A

True

34
Q

T/F: the leading cause of pneumonia in Canada is encapsulated streptococcus pneumonia

A

True

35
Q

_ are the defensive strategy against hostile or unfavorable environmental conditions (driven by nutrient supply)

A

Endospores

36
Q

T/F: Endospores are metabolically active - resistant to heat, cold, drying, chemicals and radiation

A

False, they are metabolically dormant

37
Q

The _ counters the effects of osmotic pressure when enters blood stream (for a bacterium)

A

cell wall

38
Q

Which bacterial infection is an exception and does not have a cell wall?

A

TB

39
Q

T/F: our immune systems are really good at recognizing the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall and targeting it

A

True

40
Q

Bacteria that retain primary colour dyes and become purple colour post-gram stain are gram _

A

positive

41
Q

Bacteria that are easily decolorized and take on a pink/red colour post-gram stain are gram _

A

negative

42
Q

Gram_ have thick, dense, relatively non-porous walls, while gram _ have thin cell walls surrounded by an outer membrane

A
  • positive

- negative

43
Q

Which gram bacteria contain LPS (composed of Lipid A) in their cell wall?

A

Gram- negative

44
Q

_ is a potent endotoxin causing fever, vasodilation and inflammation - can induce shock and blood clot formation

A

LPS Lipid A

45
Q

What type of stain can be done if a mycobacterial infection is suspected?

A

Acid fast stain, this type of bacteria has a waxy material in their cell wall that retains the alcohol stain

46
Q

What is a clue that we need to conduct an acid fast stain because the patient may have a mycobacterial infection?

A

If they have been put on antibiotics multiple times and still have not gotten better

47
Q

_ is highly reactive and toxic to bacteria unless it is inactivated by enzymes produced by bacteria

A

molecular oxygen

48
Q

Enzymes that bacteria use to detoxify reactive O2 products include:

A
  • catalase
  • peroxidase
  • superoxide dismutase
49
Q

_ bacteria require oxygen to survive therefore they have all 3 enzymes used to inactivate molecular oxygen

A

obligate aerobes

50
Q

_ prefer to grow in the presence of oxygen, but can also grow without, produce catalase and superoxide dismutase (flexible)

A

facultative anaerobes

51
Q

_ tolerate low amounts of oxygen (i.e stomach), produce superoxide dismutase (fussy)

A

microaerophiles

52
Q

_ cannot tolerate O2, lack enzymes to manage toxicity and thus requires special growth conditions (hate o2)

A

obligate anaerobes

53
Q

Why do we need to collect two sets of blood samples form two different sites?

A

one anaerobic and one aerobic

54
Q

What are the two ways bacteria reproduce?

A
  1. asexual reproduction (binary fission)

2. sexual reproduction (requires conjugation pili)

55
Q

_ intracellular bacteria require host cell to live; cannot make their own energy

A

obligate

56
Q

_ intracellular bacteria are able to survive phagocytosis; grow and reproduce within immune cells, shielded from antibodies and other immune defenses, and employ specialized mechanisms to protect against lysosomal enzymes produced within phagocytic host cells.

A

facultative

57
Q

[Viruses]- _ intracellular pathogen cannot replicate independently, must replicate inside host cell

A

obligate

58
Q

[Viruses]- _; lack cell membrane, composed of only a few organic molecules. Possess DNA or RNA, supported by a protein capsule or “capsid” that provides both protection and recognition sites that bind to receptors on host cells.

A

acellular

59
Q

some viruses also possess an _ from host cells which facilitates entry into host cells, in such cases cellular membrane proteins are replaced with virus-derived proteins.

A

envelope

60
Q

Viruses _ reproduce independently; they lack _ necessary for replication and do not possess _ for protein synthesis .

A
  • cannot
  • enzymes
  • ribosomes
61
Q

What are the 5 steps of viral replication?

A
  1. attachment
  2. entry
  3. synthesis (DNA synthesis occurs in the nucleus, RNA synthesis in cytoplasm)
  4. assembly into virions
  5. release from host cell (budding or lysis/excocytosis)
62
Q

What is the most violent method of virus release from host cell?

A

Lysis, it explodes from the cell, they tear it open to make their way to other tissue

63
Q

_ infection: alteration of antigenic specificity of cell surface due to presence of virus _; host cell function is intact leading to gradual, prolonged release of _

A
  • persistent
  • glycoproteins
  • progeny viral particles
64
Q

_ infection: persistence of viral _ in cell with no virus progeny produced - the _ virus can be reactivated months to years later resulting in a productive infection

A

latent
genome
latent

65
Q

Which type of viral infection cannot be cured?

A

latent infections

66
Q

What is an example of a latent viral infection?

A

herpes

67
Q

_: integration of viral genome into host cell chromosome may result disruption of host cell metabolic functions including _ and _ resulting in the induction of tumors

A

transformation
cell growth
replication

68
Q

What is the most dangerous type of viral infection?

A

The transformation because they cause a variety of cancers due to changing of the host cell

69
Q

_ is what causes the fever, runny nose associated with the upper respiratory viral infections.

A

Cell Lysis

Microbiology (17 decks)

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