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Microbiology > Pathogenic Factors > Flashcards

Pathogenic Factors Flashcards

1
Q

Resident microbiota _ colonize the host (after birth)

A

permanently

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2
Q

Transient microbiota _ colonize the host (dependent on the environment)

A

temporarily

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3
Q

When would normal flora cause us harm?

A

If it moves from where it is supposed to be to another part of the body

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4
Q

T/F; normal flora will look the same on an abled bodied person and a disabled person

A

False

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5
Q

What is microbial antagonism?

A

Normal flora preventing the growth of pathogenic microbes

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6
Q

T/F: normal flora competes for nutrients with a pathogen

A

True

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7
Q

T/F: when normal flora is exposed to a pathogen it will be unable to fight it off

A

False; they produce substances that are harmful to the pathogen

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8
Q

_ produce bacteriocins

A

E. coli

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9
Q

_ are proteins that inhibit the growth of closely related species of bacteria such as salmonella and shigella

A

bacteriocins

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10
Q

When would dormant spores wake up?

A

When normal flora is destroyed because it no longer needs to compete for nutrients

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11
Q

_ is a pathogen that causes a range of GI symptoms, from mild diarrhea to severe, or even fatal colitis

A

C. diff

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12
Q

Presence of normal flora in the large intestine inhibits the growth of _

A

C. diff

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13
Q

What are the 5 steps of a pathogen causing disease?

A
  1. contact/exposure
  2. adherence
  3. evasion of host defenses and penetration
  4. damage of host cell
  5. transmission
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14
Q

Adherence is accomplished by cell surface molecules located on the pathogen called “” binding specifically to surface “” located on the cells of the host tissues

A

adhesins ; receptor

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15
Q

What are 3 different ways a pathogen can adhere to a host?

A
  1. bacterial structures (fimbriae, pili, flagella)
  2. adherence proteins (M protein, opa protein)
  3. glycocalyx (capsule, slime layer)
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16
Q

Adhesins are present on the _ and _ of many pathogenic bacteria

A

fimbriae and flagella

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17
Q

T/F: the more types of adhesion proteins an organism has the more systems they can infect

A

True

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18
Q

If the glycocalyx is well organized and firmly attached to cell wall, it is referred to as a _

A

capsule

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19
Q

If the glycocalyx is unorganized and only loosely attached to the cell wall, it is referred to as _

A

slime layer

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20
Q

The slime layer facilitates the formation of _

A

biofilms

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21
Q

_; colony of bacteria that adheres to surfaces (living and nonliving), embedded in an extracellular slime layer

A

biofilms

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22
Q

T/F: biofilms are able to clog drains and corrode industrial pipes

A

True

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23
Q

_ impairs phagocytosis, preventing phagocytic cell from adhering to the microbe, thereby increasing the virulence of the pathogen

A

capsule

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24
Q

T/F: those without a capsule cause infection more quickly because it does not need to break through to infect the host

A

False; those without a capsule rarely cause infection because they are detected quickly by the immune system

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25
Q

M proteins _ virulence by helping bacteria resist _ by WBC (e.g. streptococcus pyogenes)

A

increase ; phagocytosis

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26
Q

_ present in the cell wall of Mycobacterium TB increases virulence by resisting digestion by phagocytosis

A

Mycolic acid

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27
Q

_ clot protects the bacteria from phagocytosis, and isolates the microbe from other defenses of the host

A

fibrin

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28
Q

Coagulase is produced by some _ spp.

A

staphylococci

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29
Q

All staph species are gram _

A

positive

30
Q

_ degrades fibrin, and thus digest clots formed by the body to isolate the wound and clots created by the bacteria as protection from _

A

kinase ; phagocytosis

31
Q

Streptokinase is produced by _ pyogenes and staphylokinase is produced by _ aures

A

streptococcus ; staphylococcus

32
Q

Which enzyme is helpful to bacteria if they want to bust out of the clot or go deeper into the clot and tissue?

A

kinase

33
Q

_ and _ facilitate a microbe’s ability to evade host defenses

A

coagulase and kinase

34
Q

The production of _ also facilitates a microbe’s entry into host tissues

A

kinase

35
Q

_ _ bacteria are able to survive inside immune cells

A

facultative intracellular

36
Q

T/F: facultative intracellular bacteria are able to escape phagosome after fusing with host cell lysosomes

A

F ; they escape BEFORE fusing with host cell lysosome

37
Q

T/F: facultative intracellular bacteria prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion

A

True

38
Q

T/F: facultative intracellular bacteria are unable to reduce the effectiveness of toxic compounds within lysosome which is why they stay hidden

A

False; they reduce effectiveness of toxic compounds within lysosome

39
Q

T/F: facultative intracellular bacteria are able to produce cell walls resistant to lysosomal proteases

A

True

40
Q

Facultative intracellular bacteria is hidden in _ and able to hide from antibiotic therapies

A

phagocyte

41
Q

_ acid is what holds cells together

A

hyaluronic

42
Q

What is the job of Hyaluronidase?

A

Degrades hyaluronic acid allowing bacteria to penetrate deeper into the host tissues

43
Q

_ degrades collagen fibers at the base of superficial tissues and allows bacteria to move deeper into the host

A

collagenase

44
Q

_ and _ produce invasins that rearrange actin filaments in epithelial cells of the intestinal lumen

A

salmonella spp and e coli spp

45
Q

Disruption of the _ induces “membrane ruffling” of the host cell - bacteria sinks into the _ and is engulfed by the host cell, allowing the bacteria to sink into the _ cell

A

cytoskeleton ; ruffles ; epithelial

46
Q

For the bacteria that are not phagocytic, once inside the host, it becomes enclosed in a _ and induces an _ response

A

vesicle ; inflammatory

47
Q

Disease results if the microbe was able to evade _ and cause _ damage

A

host immune response ; host cell

48
Q

The pathogen needs to cause _ in order to take our nutrients (specifically iron)

A

damage

49
Q

_ is required for the growth of most pathogenic bacteria

A

Iron

50
Q

What strategy do microbes implore that bind to iron more tightly than host iron-transport and play “tug of war” for the iron?

A

Siderophores

51
Q

What are two other ways besides siderophores to obtain host nutrients?

A
  • direct binding to host iron-binding proteins

- producing toxins

52
Q

T/F: bacterial toxins kill host cells, releasing the iron stores of the host; pathogen then acquires iron via receptor binding

A

True

53
Q

How does direct damage to tissues surrounding site of invasion occur?

A

As intracellular bacteria and viruses metabolize and multiply in host cells, the host cell typically ruptures to facilitate their release, destroying the host cell

54
Q

T/F: pathogen toxins inhibit protein synthesis, destroy blood cells and blood vessels, disrupt nervous system function

A

true

55
Q

{Exotoxins or Endotoxins?}
Produced by gram -/+ bacteria and are produced and released by said bacteria as it is going about its daily life, directly damages host cell (cytotoxin)

A

Exotoxin

56
Q

Which type of toxin is produced by gram - bacteria only due to their Lipid A outer membrane

A

Endotoxin

57
Q

[Endo or Exotoxin]

Enzymatic proteins produced inside some living pathogenic bacteria as a normal part of growth and metabolism

A

Exotoxin

58
Q

_ are secreted into the surrounding environment, or released during cell lysis

A

Exotoxin

59
Q

[Exo or Endotoxin]
Soluble in bodily fluids and rapidly transported throughout the host; highly toxic in nature, exposure can be fatal because it will become systemic

A

Exotoxin

60
Q

T/F: Most times the infection or problem we are seeing is not caused by the organism itself but from the toxin that has been released

A

True (food poisoning as an example)

61
Q

Which part of the AB toxin binds to the host cell receptor for the exotoxin to enter cell

A

Part B

62
Q

Which part of the AB toxin alters cell function by inhibiting protein synthesis?

A

A

63
Q

Which type of exotoxin induces cell lysis via formation of protein channels (ie: leukocidins, hemolysis) or disruption of phospholipid layer of cell membrane

A

membrane disrupting toxins

64
Q

_ provoke an intense immune response, associated with shock

A

superantigens

65
Q

Superantigens are not processed inside _, instead bind directly to _ class II proteins on _ surface

A

macrophage ; MHC ; macrophage

66
Q

_ exotoxin directly activate T cells -> results in excessive IL-2, TNF and TF production, these all lead to high risk of shock

A

superantigens

67
Q

_ released when gram - bacteria are killed (or multiply) - cell wall lysis, liberating the _

A

endotoxin for both

68
Q

Endotoxins stimulate macrophages to release high concentrations of _

A

IL-1

69
Q

T/F: due to mechanism of action, all endotoxins produce the same signs and symptoms regardless of the pathogen

A

True

70
Q

Why are the common symptoms of endotoxins chills, fever, weakness and generalized aches

A

Due to the release of IL-1

71
Q

Endotoxins increase production of _; activates extrinsic & intrinsic coagulation cascade

A

tissue factor (TF)

72
Q

What is the only exotoxin that can cause fever?

A

superantigens

Microbiology (17 decks)

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