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Microbiology > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is prophylactic therapy? When would it be used?

A

treatment given to prevent an infection from occurring, often used in patients at high risk of infection

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2
Q

What is empiric therapy? How is this applied to clinical practice?

A

Treatment given when infection is suspected but the causative pathogen has not yet been identified, targets the likely pathogens. antimicrobial selection is guided by patient, infection, and drug factors.

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3
Q

What is targeted therapy? How is this applied to clinical practice?

A

Treatment given to target the specific organism causing the infection. Antimicrobial selection based on culture and sensitivity results.

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4
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

What the body does to the drug, the movement of drugs within the body

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5
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

What the drug does to the body, the biochemical and physiological effects of a drug

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6
Q

Which spectrum of antimicrobials increases the likelihood of antimicrobial resistance and C. diff associated diseases?

A

broad spectrum (empiric)

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7
Q

What are bacteriostatic antimicrobials and what are some examples?

A

Inhibits/ slows bacterial growth, requires a functioning immune system to clear the infection. Examples; macrolides, clindamycin, tetracyclines

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8
Q

What are bactericidal antimicrobials and what are some examples?

A

Kills the bacteria. Examples; beta-lactams, vancomycin, fluoroquinolones

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9
Q

What accelerates AMR?

A

The misuse and overuse of antimicrobials

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10
Q

What are the 4 risk factors for MDRO colonization/ infection?

A
  • prior antibiotic exposure
  • underlying disease
  • prior hospitalization
  • invasive procedures in health care settings
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11
Q

What is MDRO?

A

multidrug resistance organisms

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12
Q

What is ESBL?

A

extended-spectrum beta-lactamase

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13
Q

What is MRSA?

A

methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

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14
Q

What is VRE?

A

vancomycin-resistant enterococcus

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15
Q

What is CRE?

A

carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae

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16
Q

What is the first-line therapy antimicrobial?

A

beta-lactams, the tree of penicillins

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17
Q

How do beta-lactam antibiotics work?

A

deactivate penicillin binding protein which cross-links subunits of peptidoglycan, leading to osmotic cell lysis (bactericidal) time dependent killing

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18
Q

Which antibiotic that falls under beta-lactam is so broad spectrum it is only used for severe drug-resistant or hospital acquired infections?

A

carbapenems

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19
Q

What “bugs” does vancomycin target?

A

gram positive

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20
Q

What is the mechanism of action of vancomycin?

A

bactericidal

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21
Q

What are some common uses of vancomycin?

A

gram positive bloodstream infections, osteomyelitis, skin and soft tissue infections, MRSA, C. diff

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22
Q

What are the three different cell antibiotic targets?

A
  1. inhibits cell wall synthesis or function
  2. inhibit protein synthesis
  3. inhibit nucleic acid synthesis or function
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23
Q

What are side effects associated with vancomycin?

A

red man syndrome, nephrotoxicity

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24
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Daptomycin?

A

Bactericidal

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25
Q

In what case is Daptomycin used?

A

Only used in serious infections when vancomycin CANNOT be used

26
Q

What gram bacteria can Daptomycin be used for?

A

gram positive only (MRSA, VRE)

27
Q

What are some side effects associated with Daptomycin?

A

muscle side effects (myopathy, dark urine) monitor creatine kinase

28
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Fluroroquinolones?

A

bactericidal (inhibition of DNA)

29
Q

What gram bacteria is Fluoroquinolones used to treat?

A

both

30
Q

Which antibiotic has a black box warning?

A

Fluoroquinolones

31
Q

What are common uses of Fluoroquinolones?

A

pyelonephritis and pneumonia

32
Q

What interferes with the absorption of fluoroquinolones?

A

metal cations (2 hours before or 4-6 hours after)``

33
Q

Which antibiotic has tendonitis as a side effect?

A

Fluoroquinolones

34
Q

Which antibiotic is to be avoided in pregnancy and not recommended in children?

A

Fluoroquinolones

35
Q

What is the mechanism of action of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim?

A

bactericidal (fixed-combo only) inhibit folic acid synthesis

36
Q

What is an alternative antibiotic for beta-lactam resistant organisms?

A

sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim

37
Q

What are some common uses of sulfamethoxzaole-trimethoprim?

A

skin infections and UITs

38
Q

What antibiotic should you NOT use if G6PD deficiency or pregnant?

A

sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim

39
Q

What is a side effect of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim?

A

rashes (hypersensitivity) - steven johnson syndrome

40
Q

What antibiotic is commonly used for intra-abdominal infections and bacterial vaginosis?

A

metronidazole

41
Q

What “bugs” does metronidazole have an effect on?

A

anaerobic organisms only (c. diff)

42
Q

What antibiotic leaves a metallic taste in the mouth?

A

metronidazole

43
Q

What is a drug precaution with metronidazole?

A

alcohol during and within 3 days

44
Q

What is the mechanism of macrolides?

A

bacteriostatic

45
Q

What antibiotic is used to treat respiratory tract infections and sexually transmitted infections?

A

macrolides

46
Q

What class of antibiotics has drug interactions with warfarin, cyclosporine and atorvastatin?

A

macrolides

47
Q

What are some side effects of macrolides?

A
  • nausea, diarrhea and abdominal pain

- QT prolongation (heart problems)

48
Q

What “bugs” do macrolides exert an effect on?

A

streptococci, some gram negative, and some atypical (legionella)

49
Q

What is the mechanism of action of clindamycin?

A

bacteriostatic (reversible binding)

50
Q

What coverage does clindamycin offer?

A

gram positive and oral anaerobes

51
Q

What antibiotic is used for skin and soft tissue infections and dental infections?

A

clindamycin

52
Q

What antibiotic has side effects of nausea and vomiting and diarrhea all associated with C. diff?

A

clindamycin

53
Q

What is the mechanism of action of aminoglyosides?

A

bactericidal

54
Q

What antibiotic is used for very serious infections such as endocarditis and bacteremia?

A

aminoglycosides

55
Q

What “bugs” do aminoglycosides exert an effect on?

A

gram negative, gram positive only in synergy with cell wall activated antibiotics (vancomycin and beta-lactams)

56
Q

What are the side effects associated with aminoglycosides?

A

nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, ototoxicity (irreversible) must be closely monitored

57
Q

Which antibiotic is used for the treatment of atypical organism coverage in the community acquired pneumonia, animal-borne illnesses, skin and soft tissue infections?

A

tetracyclines

58
Q

What is a side effect associated with tetracyclines?

A

photosensitivity

59
Q

Which antibiotic do you want to NOT prescribe for children under 8, pregnant women and those women breastfeeding?

A

tetracyclines

60
Q

Are there any drug interactions with tetracyclines?

A

metal cations interfere with the absorption

Microbiology (17 decks)

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