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Microbiology > Bacterial Gastroenteritis > Flashcards

Bacterial Gastroenteritis Flashcards

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1
Q

What bacteria is characterized as being gram negative, helical shaped and is the leading cause of foodborne illness in North America?

A

Campylobacter jejuni

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2
Q

Which bacterial cause of gastroenteritis has the following symptoms: fever, abdominal pain and cramping, and blood streaked, inflammatory diarrhea?

A

Campylobacter jejuni

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3
Q

What is the route of transmission for Campylobacter jejuni?

A

ingestion of contaminated food and water and the fecal-oral route

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4
Q

What is the infection control protocol in the hospital for campylobacter jejuni?

A

routine practices and contact precautions

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5
Q

How long does it typically take for symptoms associated with campylobacter jejuni to resolve?

A

within 1 week

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6
Q

What bacteria is gram negative, bacillus-shaped and associated with 2 different conditions; one of which is not really seen in Canada?

A

salmonella enterica

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7
Q

Which condition of salmonella enterica is most common in Canada and what are the associated symptoms?

A

salmonellosis; fever, nause, loss of appetite, headache, myalgias, malaise, abdominal cramping and pain and inflammatory diarrhea (no blood); resolves within 1-2 weeks

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8
Q

What type of stool would you expect to see in a person with salmonellosis?

A

inflammatory diarrhea, typically with no blood

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9
Q

Does salmonelosis go into the bloodstream?

A

no

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10
Q

Which bacterial cause of gastroenteritis is; gram negative, bacillus-shaped bacteria, produces enterotoxin, referred to as “traveller’s diarrhea”, non-inflammatory diarrhea?

A

ETEC

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11
Q

What are common symptoms of ETEC and when do symptoms typically resolve?

A

bloating, fever, abdominal cramps, N&V, watery non-inflammatory diarrhea (4-5 loose stools per day), typically resolves in 1-3 days

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12
Q

What is the route of transmission for ETEC?

A
  • ingestion of contaminated food and water

- person to person (fecal oral route)

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13
Q

What is the infectious dose for ETEC?

A

~100 organismss

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14
Q

Which bacteria produces a verocytotoxin that directly damages intestinal mucosa, causing lesions and bleeding, can bind to neutrophils?

A

VTEC verocytotoxigenic E. coli

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of VTEC?

A
  • inflammatory diarrhea (10 or more bowel movements per day)
  • abdominal cramping, pain or tenderness
  • low grade fever
  • hemorrhagic colitis in 6% of infected patients
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16
Q

How quickly can symptoms lead to hemorrhagic colitis in VTEC?

A

within 24 hours after symptom onset

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17
Q

What bacteria is transmitted in contaminated milk, fruit juice, ground beef, and produce like spinach and sprouts?

A

VTEC

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18
Q

What is the leading cause of acute kidney failure in children?

A

hemolytic uremic syndrome

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19
Q

What aggravates hemolytic uremic syndrome?

A

antimotility drugs and antibiotics

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20
Q

How does hemolytic uremic syndrome lead to kidney failure?

A

verocytotoxin invades the bloodstream and destroys RBCs, the damaged RBCs clog the microvasculature of the kidney, causing kidney failure

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21
Q

What are symptoms of hemolytic uremic syndrome?

A
  • fever, abdominal pain
  • pale skin tone, fatigue, irritability
  • unexplained small bruises or bleeding from nose or mouth
  • decreased urination
  • edema
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22
Q

What is the treatment for hemolytic uremic syndrome?

A

RBC and platelet transfusions, plasma exchange, kidney dialysis

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23
Q

Which form of bacterial gastroenteritis is a complication associated with age extremes?

A

hemolytic uremic syndrome

24
Q

Which form of bacterial gastroenteritis is gram negative, rod-shaped bacteria, that mainly affects children around the age of toilet training?

A

Shigella spp.

25
Q

What are the symptoms associated with shigella spp. infections?

A
  • inflammatory diarrhea (bloody with mucus)
  • abdominal cramps
  • rectal pain
  • fever
  • nausea
26
Q

How long does it take for symptoms to resolve in shigella spp infections?

A

2-3 days, but carrier for ~ 4 weeks

27
Q

What is the most common species of shigella in north america?

A

S. Sonnei

28
Q

Which bacteria is gram positive, endospore-forming, that produce exotoxins, common symptoms include watery, foul smelling diarrhea, mild abdominal cramping and tenderness and can advance to pseudomembranous colitis?

A

C. diff

29
Q

Which type of bacterial infection is most associated with hospitals and nursing homes?

A

c. diff

30
Q

What does enterotoxin (toxin A) cause in c. diff?

A

diarrhea and inflammation

31
Q

What does cytotoxin (toxin B) cause in c. diff?

A

induces cell damage and facilitates lesion formation

32
Q

what bacteria do we need to suspect if patient develops diarrhea in association to antibiotics and why?

A

C. diff, exposure within 2 months because the normal flora that competes with the pathogen for nutrients is no longer there so they can come out of spore form, due to the destruction from antibiotics

33
Q

What are the treatment options for C. diff?

A
  • discontinuation of implicated antimicrobial agent and supportive therapy
  • vancomycin to target C. diff if symptoms do not resolve
  • if relapse, fecal transplant
34
Q

What are the complications associated with C. diff?

A
  1. bowel perforation: due to damage to intestinal wall

2. toxic megacolon: gross distention of colon

35
Q

What is the most common causative factor of gastroenteritis?

A

viral

36
Q

What are the symptoms that are most commonly caused by viral gastroenteritis?

A
  • non- inflammatory (secretory diarrhea)
  • abdominal cramping
  • nausea and vomiting
  • fever, chills, clammy skin
  • weight loss and lack of appetite
37
Q

How quickly do symptoms of viral gastroenteritis resolve?

A

appear within 24 hours of infection and resolve within 12 to 60 hours after symptom onset

38
Q

In addition to viral gastroenteritis being transmitted by contaminated food and water, as well as fecal oral route, how else can it be transmitted?

A

aerosols from vomit

39
Q

Why is viral gastroenteritis self-limiting?

A

once epithelial layer is destroyed, replacement cells begin to grow and then function is restored.

40
Q

What is the most common virus in children between 6 months and 2 years of age?

A

rotavirus

41
Q

What is the incubation period of rotavirus?

A

2-3 days

42
Q

What is the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis?

A

norovirus

43
Q

What is the incubation period for norovirus?

A

12-48 hours

44
Q

How is norovirus transmitted?

A

fecal-oral route, direct contact with oral secretions, contaminated fomites and aerosolized vomit

45
Q

What is known as “food poisoning”?

A

intoxication

46
Q

What are common causes of intoxication?

A

S. aureus and clostridium perfringens

47
Q

What are the symptoms related to intoxication?

A

N&V, cramps, diarrhea and NO fever

48
Q

What is the treatment for intoxication?

A
  • fluid replacement

- antiemetic drugs

49
Q

What is gram positive, cocci-shaped bacteria that produces an enterotoxin that causes food poisioning?

A

staphylococcus aureus

50
Q

What phase of parasites are the infectious form?

A

the cyst

51
Q

What is the trophozoite form of the parasite?

A

the replicating form

52
Q

What animals are proprietors of spreading acute giardiasis?

A

beavers (water dwelling animals)

53
Q

What are the symptoms of acute giardiasis?

A

severe, foul smelling, greasy, fatty diarrhea, gas, abdominal cramps, malaise, bloating, nausea and vomiting.

54
Q

how can you kill the G. intestinalis cysts found in water?

A

fully boiling the water (10 minutes at a roiling boil)

55
Q

What is the treatment of acute giardiasis?

A

tinidazole (antimicrobial)

Microbiology (17 decks)

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