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NYCC Gross Anatomy 1 > Structure & Function of the Skeletal System > Flashcards

Structure & Function of the Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Function

Skeletal system

A
  • support soft tissues of body
  • protect vital organs
  • rigid levers for muscular movement
  • storage of minerals
  • blood cell production
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2
Q

structure of skeletal system

A

connective tissues: bone & cartilage

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3
Q

the skeletal system provides storage for what minerals?

A

Calcium & phosphorus

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4
Q

Is the skeletal system vascular or avascular?

A

highly vascular

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5
Q

what does high vascularization of the skeletal system allow for?

A

rapid exchange of minerals between bone & blood

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6
Q

where are blood cells produced?

A

red bone marrow

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7
Q

hematocytopoiesis

A

blood cell production

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8
Q

function

red bone marrow

A

site of blood cell production

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9
Q

function

yellow bone marrow

A

composed principally of fat (energy storage)

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10
Q

tissue of mesodermal origin that consists of cells and protein fibers embedded in ground substance is called ____

A

connective tissue

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11
Q

origin of connective tissue

A

mesoderm

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12
Q

connective tissue consists of ____ and ____

A

cells and protein fibers

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13
Q

categories of CT

A

loose & dense

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14
Q

location of loose CT

A

throughout the body

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15
Q

location

dense CT

A

Cartilage & bone

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16
Q

loose CT

proportion of cells to ECM

A

cells>ECM

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17
Q

dense CT

proportion of cells to ECM

A

ECM>cells

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18
Q

two types of CT in skeletal system

A

bone & cartilage

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19
Q

mineral component of bone

A

hydroxyapatite crystals (Ca & P)

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20
Q

hydroxyapatite crystals are formed by ____ and ____

A

calcium & phosphorus

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21
Q

General collagen fiber arrangement in bone

A

collagen fibers in bone matrix arranged in organized, specific structure (except in woven bone)

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22
Q

collagen fiber arrangement in cartilage

A

random arrangement (except in fibrocartilage)

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23
Q

is cartilage vacular or avascular?

A

avascular - receives nutrients through osmosis & diffusion

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24
Q

how does cartilage receive nutrients?

A

osmosis & diffusion

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25
Q

which heals faster: bone or cartilage

A

bone (vascular)

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26
Q

types of cartilage

A
  • hyaline
  • fibrocartilage
  • elastic
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27
Q

types of cartilage are recognized by ___?

A

arrangement of collagen in ECM

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28
Q

hyaline cartilage

collagen fibers

A
  • appear clear & smooth
  • very fine fibers
  • disorganized
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29
Q

precursor of most bones

A

hyaline cartilage

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30
Q

hyaline cartilage

location

A

large amounts in skeletal system:
- percursor to most bones
- articular cartilage of synovial joints
- growth plates

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31
Q

fibrocartilage

collagen fibers

A
  • large amounts of collagen fibers
  • densely packed
  • organized
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32
Q

fibrocartilage

location

A

found in joints:
- annulus fibrosus of IVD
- symphyses
- menisci

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33
Q

elastic cartilage

collagen fibers

A

large amounts of protein (elastin)

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34
Q

elastic cartilage

function

A

stretch without losing shape

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35
Q

elastic cartilage

location

A
  • external ear, nose
  • some ligaments of skeletal system (connecting laminae)
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36
Q

hyaline cartilage

function

A

protect articulating surfaces from wear & tear

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37
Q

fibrocartilage

function

A
  • structural (not found in bones)
  • weight-bearing
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38
Q

bone

collagen fibers

A

highly mineralized, regular in arrangement

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39
Q

phases of ECM

A

mineral & organic

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40
Q

what is the mineral phase of bone?

A

hydroxyapatite (Calcium phosphate & calcium carbonate)

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41
Q

how much of the bone is the mineral phase?

A

65-70% of bone

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42
Q

mineral phase structure

A

arranged in crystalline sructure (hydroxyapatite)

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43
Q

mineral phase function

A

hardness & brittleness

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44
Q

organic phase composition/structure

A

amorphous ground substance:
- proteoglycans & glycoproteins in which collagen fibers are embedded
- organized collagen fibers similar to fibrocartilage

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45
Q

what is the organic phase?

A

primary collagen component of bone
(amorphous ground substance)

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46
Q

stress-strain curve

stress

A

force (weight-bearing, compressive)

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47
Q

stress-strain curve

strain

A

tension (muscle pulling bone)

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48
Q

stress-strain curve

elastic phase

A

bone will bounce back, no permanent deformation

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49
Q

stress-strain curve

plastic phase

A

permant deformation

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50
Q

stress-strain curve

yield point

A

point under strain where plastic range begins

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51
Q

stress-strain curve

ultimate strain/stress

A

failure (fracture)

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52
Q

what components of ECM contribute to the stress-strain curve?

A
  • mineral: need rigidity for support
  • organic/collagen: need some give
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53
Q

bone classifications

A
  • long
  • short
  • flat
  • irregular
  • sesamoid
54
Q

long bone shape

A

tubular shaft with expanded ends

55
Q

long bone locations

A

limbs (humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges)

56
Q

short bone shape

A

“cuboid”

57
Q

short bone locations

A
  • carpals (wrist)
  • tarsals (ankle)
58
Q

flat bone shape

A
  • plate-like
  • sandwich of 2 outer dense bone tables (cortical) with sponge-like bone (trabecular; diploe in cranium) between them
59
Q

flat bone locations

A

cranial vault, sternum, ribs, scapula

60
Q

irregular bone shape

A

irregular shape that doesn’t fit other categories

61
Q

irregular bone locations

A
  • vertebrae
  • bones of face & side of skull
62
Q

sesamoid bone structure

A

develop within tendons of muscles

63
Q

sesamoid bone function

A

move tendons away from center of joint, increase movement of muscle

64
Q

sesamoid bone locations

A

patella (quadriceps tendon)
gastrocnemius tendon
flexor hallucis brevis tendon (big toe)

65
Q

diaphysis

A

tubular shaft of long bones

66
Q

epiphysis

A
  • expanded proximal/distal end of a long bone
  • multiple growth centers at one or both ends of some long bones
67
Q

growth centers are located in the ____ of long bones

A

epiphysis

68
Q

apophysis

A

site of muscle insertion

69
Q

epiphysis vs apophyisis

A

epiphysis: growth centers, in joint articulation
apophysis: muscle & ligament attachment site

70
Q

metaphysis

A

transitional zone between tubular shaft of diaphysis and epiphysis

71
Q

epiphysis/apophysis in short/irregular bones

A

secondary ossification center

72
Q

diaphysis in irregular/short bones

A

primary ossification center

73
Q

what does primary/secondary ossification center mean?

A

forms first/second in development

74
Q

layers of periosteum

A

osteogenic & fibrous

75
Q

periosteum

A

outer lining of bone

76
Q

osteogenic layer location

A

contact with bone surface

77
Q

osteogenic layer structure

A

bone lining cells derived from osteoprogenitor cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

78
Q

periosteum fibrous layer structure

A
  • dense irregular CT
  • fibers extend into bone matrix (Sharpey’s fibers)
79
Q

what are Sharpey’s fibers?

A

fibers in fibrous layer of periosteum that extend into bone matrix

80
Q

periosteum fibrous layer location

A

Outer layer, site of insertion for tendons

81
Q

medullary cavity

A

cavity inside diaphysis of bone containing marrow

82
Q

endosteum location

A

lines internal surface of cortical bone, separating it from bone marrow

83
Q

endosteum function

A

helps supply osteoblasts for fracture repair & formation of Haversian systems in bone remodelling

84
Q

periostitis

A
  • inflammation of tissue beneath the periosteum
  • thin layer of bone often forms (periosteal scab/reaction)
  • caused by inflammation due to infection, stress or injury (eg. bone bruise)
  • common in areas close to skin
85
Q

osteomyelitis

A
  • advanced infection of bone
  • necrosis: area of bone starts to decay
  • macrophages sent to sequestrum (infected bone)
  • forms invulcrum (bone callus)
  • cloaca (hole for pus/waste to escape)
86
Q

what is advanced infection of bone called?

A

osteomyelitis

87
Q

invulcrum

A

bone callus that surrounds area of infected/necrotic bone

88
Q

sequestrum

A

area of infected bone

89
Q

cloaca

A

space/hole through which inflammatory waste products (pus) escapes

90
Q

blood is supplied to bone via ____

A

nutrient artery

91
Q

nutrient artery enters medullary cavity via ____

A

nutrient foramen

92
Q

what passes through compact bone into the medullary cavity through nutrient foramen?

A

nutrient artery

93
Q

nutrient arteries in marrow cavity

A

spread throughout and lining endosteal surface

94
Q

subperiosteal vessels are located ____

A

beneath periosteum

95
Q

subperiosteal vessels are derived from ____

A

nutrient artery, epiphyseal & metaphyseal arteries

96
Q

Haversian canals location

A

in bone matrix, parallel to long axis of bone

97
Q

Volkmann’s canals location

A

in bone matrix, transversely connected to Haversian canals

98
Q

Volkmann’s canals function

A
  • transmit blood vessels & nerve fibers between adjacent Haversian canals
  • connect innermost Haversian canals with nutrient arteries & endosteal blood vessels
99
Q

joints

innervation

A

same nerves that innervate muscles at joint

100
Q

periosteum

innervation

A

wide network of sensory nerves

101
Q

bone blood supply

innervation

A

myelinated & non-myelinated nerve fibers run with nutrient artery and branch into marrow cavity and Haversian canals

102
Q

bones are highly innervated near ____

A

articular surfaces

103
Q

the ____ is the tubular shaft of a long bone

A

diaphysis

104
Q

spongey bone in the flat bones of the cranium is referred to as ____

A

diploe

105
Q

types of bone

A

woven
lamellar:
- trabecullar (cancellous/spongey)
- compact (cortical)
- -circumferential lamellar, Haversian

106
Q

woven bone

structure

A

disorganized collagen fibers
structurally weak

107
Q

immature bone

A

woven

108
Q

first type of bone laid down in cartilage or mesenchymal template during embryonic development

A

woven bone (immature)

109
Q

Mature bone

A

lamellar bone

110
Q

types of lamellar bone

A

compact (cortical)
trabecular (cancellous/spongey)

111
Q

types of compact bone

A

circumferential lamellar
Haversian

112
Q

trabecular bone structure

A
  • series of intersecting spicules or beams
  • greater elasticity
113
Q

spongey bone function

A
  • support articular ends (distrubute force)
  • elasticity prevents overlying cartilage from being excessively compacted during loading
114
Q

primary osteons

A

circumferential lamellar bone (mature, compact)

115
Q

lamellae

A
  • bone layers in which collagen fibers have specific (parallel) orientation
  • extend around circumference of the shaft of bone in layers deep to periosteum
116
Q

lacunae

A

small spaces in bone matrix occupied by osteocytes

117
Q

osteocytes

A
  • “resting” bone cells between adjacent lamellae
  • sense mechanical state of bone
118
Q

blood vessel deep to periosteum surrounded by layer of advancing bone

A

osteon

119
Q

canaliculi

A
  • minute channels through which cellular processes pass
  • communication of osteocytes with blood vessels & other osteocytes
  • join osteocytes with each other & innermost osteocytes with blood supply in Haversian canal
120
Q

circumferential lamellar bone function

A
  • compressive strength - ability to bear weight
  • tensile strength - ability to resist pull of muscles
121
Q

circumferential lamellar bone collagen structure & functional properties

A
  • fibers run parallel to long axis of bone in diaphysis; at articulations lie parallel to direction of muscle tension (tensile strength)
  • mineral deposited in bone matrix around collagen (compressive strength)
122
Q

haversian bone is known as ____ osteons

A

secondary

123
Q

haversian bone location

A
  • form in already existing bone to repair microfractures & other damage
  • form within resorption space carved out by osteoclasts (Howship’s lacunae)
124
Q

Howship’s lacunae

A

resorption space carved out by osteoclasts

125
Q

blood vessels enter resorption space and bring ____

A

osteoblasts

126
Q

Haversian canals

A
  • contain arteriole & venule
  • network of small channels in bone matrix for blood supply to bone
127
Q

Volkmann’s canals are not lined by ____

A

concentric lamellae

128
Q

layers of mature bone matrix are ____

A

lamellae

129
Q

transmission of blood vessels & nerve fibers between Haversian canals occurs via ____

A

Volkmann’s canals

130
Q

first type of bone laid down in callus of fracture

A

woven bone

131
Q

where is red bone marrow primarily concentrated?

A

vertebrae
ribs
sternum
scapulae
clavicles
pelvis
cranium
proximal humeri & femora

132
Q

Dense CT structure

A

Organized, specific structure

NYCC Gross Anatomy 1 (37 decks)

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