Arthrology

Question 1

Define

Arthrology

Answer 1

Study of joints

Question 2

Define

articulation

Answer 2

Joint between bone or cartilage

Question 3

Function

joints

Answer 3

Can confer stability or motion between structures

Question 4

How are joints classified?

Answer 4

Degree of motion
Types of tissues in articulation

Question 5

Types of joint classifications by movement

Answer 5

Synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses

Question 6

What is synarthroses

Answer 6

Mostly fibrous, no/limited movement

Question 7

What is amphiarthroses?

Answer 7

Mostly cartilaginous
Slightly moveable

Question 8

What is diarthroses?

Answer 8

Synovial, highly moveable

Question 9

Example of synarthroses

Answer 9

Sutures (skull)

Question 10

Define

synostosis

Answer 10

Fusion of joint, ultimate fate of most synarthroses/amphiarthroses

Question 11

Where does synostosis occur?

Answer 11

• between sutures in adulthood
• some symphyses by adulthood (IVD & pubic symphysis are pathological)
• all synchondroses

Question 12

What is craniosynostosis?

Answer 12

• Fusion of cranial sutures before birth or during early childhood, before the completion of bone skull growth
• constricts brain growth in direction of fusion and flexibility of plate-like cranial bones, resulting in misshapen cranium

Question 13

Examples of amphiarthroses

Answer 13

• syndesmoses
• symphyses (eg. IVD, pubic symphysis)

Question 14

Examples of diarthroses (synovial)

Answer 14

• knee
• shoulder
• hip

Question 15

What surrounds the articulation of synovial joints?

Answer 15

Synovial membrane

Question 16

Structure of synovial joint

Answer 16

• 2 articulating bones with articular cartilage
• surrounded by synovial membrane, filled with synovial fluid

Question 17

What is the difference between synarthroses and amphiarthroses?

Answer 17

synarthroses - no movement, mostly fibrous
amphiarthroses - some movement, mostly cartilaginous

Question 18

When is synostosis pathological?

Answer 18

• fusion of IVD and/or pubic symphysis (in adults)
• craniosynostosis (early fusion of cranial sutures)

Question 19

Joint classifications by tissue type

Answer 19

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Question 20

Define

fibrous joint

Answer 20

No/limited movement, bone-CT-bone

Question 21

Define

cartilaginous joint

Answer 21

Slightly moveable, bone-cartilage-bone

Question 22

Define

synovial joint

Answer 22

Highly moveable, bone-cavitated CT (filled w synovial fluid)-cartilage-bone

Question 23

Where are fibrous suture joints located?

Answer 23

Confined to cranium (sutures)

Question 24

Function of sutures

Answer 24

Shock absorption, stability

Question 25

Location of fibrous gomphosis joints

Answer 25

Anchoring tooth in socket

Question 26

What anchors the tooth in its socket?

Answer 26

Cartilaginous periodontal ligament

Question 27

Structure of gomphosis

Answer 27

Bone-cartilaginous periodontal ligament-dental cementum

Question 28

Types of fibrous joints

Answer 28

Suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis

Question 29

# Define syndesmosis

Answer 29

2 bones bound together by cartilaginous interosseous ligament

Question 30

Examples of syndesmosis ligaments

Answer 30

- Radioulnar, tibiofibular interosseus ligaments - ant/post. longitudinal ligaments of spine (vertebral bodies) - ligamentum flavum (laminae)

Question 31

Function of syndesmosis

Answer 31

Dynamic stabilization, resist forces that separate bones

Question 32

Does synostosis result in intellectual impairment?

Answer 32

no functional impairment, only affects shape

Question 33

what gives ligaments the ability to stretch?

Answer 33

elastin

Question 34

what kind of amphiarthrosis is defined by bones connected by a fibrous ligament?

Answer 34

syndesmoses

Question 35

what type of joint would confer the most motion?

Answer 35

diarthroses

Question 36

what type of joint would confer the most stability?

Answer 36

synarthroses

Question 37

what makes up collagenous sutural ligaments?

Answer 37

sharpey's fibers | between periosteum of 2 bones

Question 38

Types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 38

Synchondrosis Symphyses

Question 39

Synchondrosis structure

Answer 39

Bone - hyaline growth cartilage - bone

Question 40

Locations of synchondrosis

Answer 40

Epiphyseal growth plates Basisphenoid synchondrosis

Question 41

Symphysis structure

Answer 41

Bone - hyaline cartilage - fibrocartilaginous disc - hyaline cartilage - bone

Question 42

Function of symphyses

Answer 42

Stability, resist forces at weight bearing joints

Question 43

Locations of symphyses

Answer 43

Manubriosternal Xiphisternal Intervertebral discs Pubic symphysis Mandibular symphysis

Question 44

Symphyses are confined to the ____

Answer 44

Axial skeleton

Question 45

Types of supportive ligaments

Answer 45

Extrinsic Intrinsic Intracapsular

Question 46

Extrinsic ligaments

Answer 46

Outside of fibrous joint capsule Eg. LCL of knee

Question 47

Intrinsic ligaments

Answer 47

Within or on surface of fibrous joint capsule Eg. Ischiofemoral/pubofemoral ligaments of hip

Question 48

Intracapsular ligaments

Answer 48

Inside synovial cavity Eg. ACL/PCL of knee, ligamentum teres of hip

Question 49

Fat pads

Answer 49

Areas of adipose tissue within the joint capsule to cushion the articulation

Question 50

Fibrocartilaginous discs

Answer 50

Menisci Disperse weights and remove friction during movement

Question 51

Diarthroses classification by shape of joint surfaces

Answer 51

Plane Ginglymus (hinge) Trochoid (pivot) Bicondyloid Ellipsoid (condyloid) Sellar (saddle) Spheroidal (ball & socket)

Question 52

Plane synovial joint

Answer 52

Translates motion across flat joint surfaces in apposition Eg. Zygapophyseal joints (facet joints)

Question 53

Hinge joint (ginglymus)

Answer 53

Uniaxial joint allowing motion with 1 degree of freedom (only flexion & extension) Eg. Elbow joint

Question 54

Pivot joint (trochoid)

Answer 54

Uniaxial Rotation of bone around single axis Eg. Medial atlantoaxial joint, radioulnar joint

Question 55

Bicondyloid joints

Answer 55

Mostly uniaxial with some rotatory movement 2 convex condyles articulating with 2 concave joint surfaces Eg. Femoral condyles and tibial plateau, temperomandibular joint, atlantooccipital joints

Question 56

Ellipsoid (condyloid) joints

Answer 56

Biaxial Oval ellipsoid convex surface articulates with oval ellipsoid concave surface Eg. Distal radius with scaphoid & lunate in wrist

Question 57

Sellar (saddle) joints

Answer 57

Multiaxial 2 concave-convex (saddle-shaped) surfaces articulating with each other Eg. Pollical carpometacarpal joint (thumb)

Question 58

Ball & socket joints (spheroidal)

Answer 58

Multiaxial Three degrees of freedom of motion Eg. Glenohumeral joint, hip joint