Joints Of Vertebral Column Flashcards
1
Q
Intervertebral discs are thicker in ____ and ____ regions, allowing for…
A
Lumber & cervical
Greater mobility
2
Q
Functions of intervertebral discs
A
- bear weight
- dissipate shock (higher water content)
- distribute load
- flexible buffer between rigid vertebrae
- adequate motion at low loads, stability at higher loads
3
Q
What type of joint are intervertebral discs part of?
A
Symphysis
4
Q
Location of intervertebral discs
A
Between vertebral bodies from C2 to sacrum
Degenerate disc between S5 and Cx1
5
Q
Intervertebral disc shape
A
- Thicker anterior>posterior in cervical & lumbar (creates spinal curvatures)
- flat in thoracic, thinnest in upper thoracic
- thickest in lumbar region
6
Q
Kyphosis
A
Convex posteriorly
7
Q
Lordosis
A
Convex anteriorly
8
Q
Scoliosis
A
Lateral curvature (pathological)
9
Q
Severe untreated scoliosis can cause…
A
Deformity of rib cage and vertebral curvature
10
Q
Structural vs functional scoliosis
A
Structural:
- hemivertebra
- age ~10-15 years
Functional:
- muscles tigh on one side
- uneven hips - spine curves to compensate
11
Q
Intervertebral discs adhere to…
A
Adhere to surface of vertebral body above & below via vertebral end plate with thin layer of hyaline cartilage
12
Q
Zones of annulus fibrosis
A
- Outer collagenous zone
- Wider, inner Fibrocartilaginous zone
- Lamellae
13
Q
Fibers of annulus fibrosis
A
- fibers at adjacent laminae arranged obliquely at 30° from horizontal
- oblique arrangement adds torsional strength to disc
- outer lamina bulge externally, inner bulge internally
14
Q
Functions of annulus fibrosis
A
- enclose & retain nucleus pulposus
- absorb comprehensive shocks
- structural unit between vertebral bodies
- allows restricted motion
15
Q
Nucleus pulposus makes up ____ of disc
A
40% of bulk of disc
16
Q
Nucleus pulposus composition
A
- higher water content, remains of notochord (mesoderm)
- notochordal cells disappear within first decade of life
17
Q
Nucleus pulposus is more developed in…
A
Cervical & lumbar regions
18
Q
Nucleus pulposus is located more ____ than ____
A
Posterior>anterior
19
Q
Why does Nucleus pulposus decrease in size with age?
A
High water content -> dehydrates
20
Q
Functions of Nucleus pulposus
A
- resilient spacer allowing motion between vertebrae
- distributes compressive force
21
Q
What is a disc herniation?
A
Nucleus pulposus extrudes through a defect in annulus fibrosis
22
Q
Disc herniation is most likely to occur…
A
- lumbar region (annulus is thinnest)
- posterolaterally (posterior longitudinal lig is directly posterior)
- under 55 years (less to bulge out with aging due to dehydration)
23
Q
Vascularization of intervertebral discs
A
A vascular except for periphery
24
Q
Intervertebral disc ligaments
A
- attached to anterior & posterior longitudinal ligaments
- attached to heads of ribs via interarticular ligaments
25
Intervertebral discs innervation
- posterior: recurrent meningeal nerve
- posterolateral: ventral rami, gray rami communicates
- anterolateral: gray rami communicates, sympathetic trunk
26
Name the sternal symphyses
Manubriosternal
Xiphisternal
27
Zygoapophyseal joint classification
Plane synovial
28
Zygoapophyseal joints may contain ____ or ____ in lumbar region
Fat pads or fibroadipose menisci
29
Zygoapophyseal joint innervation
- Medial branches of dorsal rami
- ascending branches of nerve below
- descending branch of nerve above
30
Angle of **cervical** Zygoapophyseal joints & function
45°
Increase flexion/extension
Rotation
31
Angle of **thoracic** Zygoapophyseal joints & function
60°
Limit flexion/extension
Increase rotation
32
Angle of **lumbar** Zygoapophyseal joints & function
90°
Limit rotation
Increase flexion/extension
33
Costovertebral joint extrinsic ligaments
- radiate ligament (head of rib to body & disc)
- interarticular ligament (interarticular crest to rib)
34
costotransverse joint extrinsic ligaments
- costotransverse ligament
- lateral costotransverse ligament
- superior costotransverse ligament
35
sternoclavicular joint classification
sellar synovial joint
36
what makes up the sternoclavicular joint?
- sternal end of clavicle
- interarticular disc
- clavicular notch of sternum
37
extrinsic ligaments of SC joint
- anterior/posterior costoclavicular ligaments
- interclavicular ligament
38
costochondral joint classification
synchondrosis
39
what makes up the costochondral joints?
sternum to sternal ends of ribs
40
interchondral joint classification
synchondrosis
41
what articulates in interchondral joints?
between costal cartilages of ribs 7-10
42
costosternal articulation ligaments
- radiate sternocostal ligaments
- interarticular sternocostal ligament
43
anterior/posterior longitudinal ligaments, supraspinous ligament, and ligamentum nuchae are classified as ____
non-segmental syndesmoses
44
where does anterior longitudinal ligament attach?
- anterior surfaces of vertebral bodies and IVDs
- attaches to basilar part of occipital, anterior tubercle of atlas
45
what is the anterior longitudinal ligament called between occipital and C1?
atlantooccipital membrane
46
what is the anterior longitudinal ligament called between C1 and C2?
atlantoaxial membrane
47
anterior longitudinal ligament is narrower _____, broader ____
narrow cranially
broad caudally
48
where does the posterior longitudinal ligament attach?
(lies in vertebral canal)
- vertebral bodies and IVDs
- from body of axis to sacrum
49
posterior longitudinal ligament is continuous with ____
tectorial membrane above C2
50
posterior longitudinal ligament is broader in ____ and ____ regions, and denticulated in ____ and ____
broad: cervical, thoracic
denticulated: lower thoracic & lumbar (broader over discs, narrow over bodies)
51
supraspinous ligament attachments
connecting apices of SPs from C7 to sacrum
52
between C7 and occipital, supraspinous ligament is replaced by ____
ligamentum nuchae
53
ligamentum nuchae is homologous with ____ and ____
supraspinous and interspinous ligaments
54
ligamentum nuchae attachments
from EOP along median occipital crest, posterior tubercle of atlas, SPs of cervical vertebrae
55
function of ligamentum nuchae
passively supports head
56
name the segmental syndesmoses
- ligamentum flavum (posterior atlantooccipital membrane, posterior atlantoaxial membrane)
- interspinous ligaments
- intertransverse ligaments
- accessory ligament
- cruciate ligament
- apical ligament of dens
57
location of ligamentum flavum
one pair between laminae of adjacent vertebrae
58
ligamentum flavum is composed of ____
yellow elastic tissue (flavum= yellow)
59
ligamentum flavum is thickest in ____
lumbar region
60
what is ligamentum flavum called between posterior arch of atlas and foramen magnum?
posterior atlantooccipital membrane
61
what is ligamentum flavum called between posterior arch of atlas and laminae of axis?
posterior atlantoaxial membrane
62
function of ligamentum flavum
prevent separation between laminae during flexion of spine
63
where do interspinous ligaments attach?
connect adjacent spinous processes along length
64
anteriorly, interspinous ligaments meet ____
ligamentum flava
65
posteriorly, interspinous ligaments meet ____
supraspinous ligament
66
in the cervical region, interspinous ligaments are incorporated into ____
ligamentum nuchae
67
interspinous ligaments are narrow in ____, thick in ____
thoracis
lumbar
68
function of interspinous ligaments
limit flexion
69
intertransverse ligaments location
between TPs of adjacent vertebrae
70
in the cervical region, intertransverse ligaments are largely replaced by ____
intertransverse muscles
71
in the thoracic region, intertransverse ligaments...
blend with adjacent muscles
72
in the lumbar region, intertransverse ligaments are...
thin and membranous
73
function of intertransverse ligaments
limit lateral flexion
74
location of lateral atlantoaxial joints
between lateral masses of atlas and superior facets of TPs of axis
75
lateral atlantoaxial joint classification
plane, synovial
76
in lateral atlantoaxial joint, posteromedial thickening of articular capsule is the ____
accessory ligament
