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HIGHER HUMAN BIOLOGY > Structure and Replication of DNA Unit 1 > Flashcards

Structure and Replication of DNA Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

To which carbon attachment prints do bases and phosphates attach in a DNA nucleotide ?

A

Carbon 1 and 5

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2
Q

What name is given to the backbone of a DNA strand formed from deoxyribose sugar and phosphate ?

A

Sugar-phosphate backbone

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3
Q

What type of bonds form between bases on two complimentary strands ?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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4
Q

What term is used to describe the fact that the two stands of DNA run in opposite directions to each other ?

A

Anti-parallel

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5
Q

Name the two ends of one DNA strand

A

3’ and 5’ end

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6
Q

What name is given to the strand that is found on the left hand side on a DNA strand that runs from 3’ to 5’ ?

A

Leading strand

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7
Q

What name is given to the arrangement of the two strands of DNA ?

A

Double helix

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8
Q

What name is given to the short sequence of nucleotides that attach to the 3’ end of the parental strand about to be replicated ?

A

Primer

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9
Q

What name is given to the enzyme needed to replicate the strands during DNA replication ?

A

DNA polymerase

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10
Q

How is the replication of the leading strand described because it is replicated without any interruptions ?

A

Continuous

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11
Q

What name is given to the strand opposite the leading strand ?

A

Lagging strand

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12
Q

How is replication of the lagging strand described because it is replicated in fragments ?

A

Discontinuous

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13
Q

Name the enzyme needed to join the fragments together in the lagging strand ?

A

Ligase

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14
Q

Name 5 requirements of DNA replication ?

A
  • DNA template strand
  • ATP
  • DNA nucleotides
  • Primers
  • Enzymes (DNA polymerase and Ligase)
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15
Q

What name is given to the technique that can be used to create many copies of a piece of DNA outside of the body ?

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

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16
Q

What word is used to describe the fact that you are making multiple copies of a piece of DNA in PCR ?

A

Amplification

17
Q

Name 3 uses of amplified DNA produced through PCR

A
  • Forensic (crime scene investigation)
  • Medical (genetic disorder)
  • Parernity disputes
18
Q

What is a nucleotide made of ?

A
  • Deoxyribose sugar
  • Phosphate
  • Organic base
19
Q

What does DNA polymerase control ?

A

The sugar-phosphate bonding between nucleotides on the new DNA strand

20
Q

What is needed to initiate DNA Replication ?

A

A primer

21
Q

What is a primer ?

A

A short strand of complementary nucleotides formed at the 3’ end of the parental DNA strand

22
Q

What end does DNA polymerase add nucleotides to ?

A

3’ end of a growing strand

23
Q

What joins the fragments together ?

A

Ligase

24
Q

What is PCR ?

A

PCR is a technique that replicates short sections of DNA quickly outside of the body

25
Q

Amplification of DNA involves what ?

A

The use of primers

26
Q

What does DNA profiling allow ?

A

The identification of individuals by comparing regions of the genome with highly variable number of repetitive sequences of DNA

27
Q

What are the repeating units called that make up a molecule of DNA ?

A

Nucleotides

28
Q

Explain why the lagging strand has to be copied in fragments

A

Because the relocated strand is discontinuous and nucleotides can only be added to 3’ end of a primer

29
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase in DNA replication ?

A

Bonds nucleotides into the backbone of a new DNA strand

30
Q

What is the function of Ligase in DNA replication ?

A

Joins fragments of DNA together on the lagging strand

31
Q

Name 3 uses of DNA amplified through PCR

A
  • Medical
  • Forensic
  • Paternity Disputes
32
Q

1st step of PCR

A

Mixture heated to 92-98°C to break hydrogen bonds and allow strands to separate (melting)

33
Q

2nd step of PCR

A

Temperature reduced to 50-60°C to allow primers to attach (annealling)

34
Q

3rd step of PCR

A

Temperature increased to 70-80°C. Heat-tolerant DNA polymerase adds nucleotides into DNA strands (extending)

35
Q

4th step of PCR

A

This process is repeated many times to amplify DNA

HIGHER HUMAN BIOLOGY (21 decks)

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