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HIGHER HUMAN BIOLOGY > Division and Differentiation Unit 1 > Flashcards

Division and Differentiation Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What name is given to the human body cells that are not involved in reproduction ?

A

Somatic cells

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2
Q

How many chromosomes are found in somatic cells ?

A

46

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3
Q

By what process do somatic cells produce more somatic cells ?

A

Mitosis

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4
Q

What name is given to the human cells involved in producing the gametes for reproduction ?

A

Germline cells

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5
Q

How many chromosomes are found in germline cells ?

A

46

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6
Q

By what process do germline cells produce more germline cells ?

A

Mitosis

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7
Q

In which part of the body are germline cells found ?

A

Testes

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8
Q

By which process do germline cells produce the gametes (egg and sperm) ?

A

Meiosis

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9
Q

How many egg or sperm are produced when a germline cell divides by mitosis ?

A

4

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10
Q

Name two types of stem cells

A

Embryonic and Tissue

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11
Q

What word is used to describe the ability of embryonic stem cells to divide into almost any cell type ?

A

Pluripotent

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12
Q

What word can be used to describe the ability of tissue stem cells to divide into a limited range of cell types ?

A

Multipotent

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13
Q

Name 5 uses of stem cells

A
  • Disease development
  • Drug uses
  • Corneal repairs
  • Skin grafts
  • Bone marrow transplants
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14
Q

What signals do cancer cells fail to respond to ?

A

Regulatory signals

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15
Q

What name is given to the abnormal mass of cells formed by uncontrolled cell division of cancer cells ?

A

Tumour

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16
Q

What do somatic cells undergo ?

A

Somatic cells undergo mitosis to produce more cells which are identical to the parent cell

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17
Q

What do germline cells undergo ?

A

Germline cells can divide by mitosis to form more germline cells or divide by the process of meiosis to produce haploid gametes

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18
Q

Where are germline cells found ?

A

In the reproductive organs

19
Q

What is cellular differentiation ?

A

Cellular differentiation is the process by which a cell expresses certain genes to produce proteins characteristic for that type of cell

20
Q

What happens after a cell is differentiated ?

A

It only expresses the genes that produce protein characteristic for that type of cell

21
Q

What are stem cells ?

A

Stem cells are unspecialised somatic cells that have the ability to reproduce and differentiate into a diverse range of specialised cells

22
Q

Products of Embryonic Stem Cells

A
  • Found in blastocyst
  • Pluripotent
23
Q

Products of Tissue Stem Cells

A
  • Found in specific areas of the body
  • Multipotent
24
Q

What do cancer cells do ?

A

Cancer cells divide excessively to produce a mass of abnormal cells (a tumour) that do not respond to regulatory signals and may fail to attach to each other

25
Q

What happens if cancer cells fail to attach ?

A

If the cancer cells fail to attach to each other, they can spread though the body to form secondary tumours

26
Q

Explain why stem cells are able to develop into different types of cells

A

They have the ability to switch on and off genes

27
Q

Are cells involved in reproduction ?

A

No

28
Q

Name 3 types of somatic cells

A
  • Platelets
  • Red blood cell
  • Nerve cells
29
Q

Are germline cells involved in reproduction ?

A

Yes

30
Q

What is the term given to a sex cell ?

A

Gamete

31
Q

What term is given to a cell containing 2 sets of chromosomes ?

A

Diploid

32
Q

What is the term given to a cell containing 1 set of chromosomes ?

A

Haploid

33
Q

What is the term used to describe 2 chromosomes which have the same genes ?

A

Homologous

34
Q

Name a source of embryonic stem cells

A

Blastocyst

35
Q

What is a potential ethical issue with use of embryonic stem cells ?

A

People view it as murder

36
Q

What is a somatic cell ?

A

A body cell

37
Q

Somatic cells form different body tissues, list some tissue types

A
  • Muscle
  • Skin
38
Q

Germline cells divide by mitosis to produce what ?

A

More germline cells

39
Q

Germline cells divide by meiosis to produce what ?

A

Haploid gametes

40
Q

Describe the formation of secondary tumours

A

If the cancer cells fail to attach to each other, they can spread though the body to form secondary tumours

41
Q

Three properties of stem cells

A
  • Unspecialised
  • Can differentiate into a range of cells
  • Has the ability to switch on and off genes
42
Q

Name two therapeutic use of stem cells

A
  • Skin grafts
  • Corneal repair
43
Q

Name two locations of tissue stem cells

A
  • Bone marrow
  • Skin
44
Q

Tissue stem cells found in bone marrow will develop into what ?

A

Blood cells

HIGHER HUMAN BIOLOGY (21 decks)

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