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Bio 186 > Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Macromolecule

A

are polymers built from monomers

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2
Q

monomers

A

molecules of a polymer (building blocks of polymer)

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3
Q

polymers

A

many monomers covalently (held on one atom) linked together

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4
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

polymers are assembled this way, and a H2O molecule is lost in the reaction of combining monomers together

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5
Q

Hydrolysis

A

polymers are broken down through this and a H2O molecule is added between monomers to break the bond

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6
Q

Diversity of Polymers

A

small molecules common to all organism ordered into unique macromolecules

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7
Q

Homopolymers

A

same monomers in chain eg. starch which is polymerized glucose

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8
Q

Heteropolymers

A

different monomers in chain eg. DNA

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9
Q

Carbohydrates: energy storage

A
  • glycogen in human muscles and liver

- starch in plants

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10
Q

Carbohydrates: energy transport

A
  • glucose in blood

- sucrose in plants

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11
Q

Carbohydrates: building material

A
  • cellulose in plant cell walls

- chittin in arthropod skeletons and fugal cell walls

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12
Q

Carbohydrates: Molecular recognition and communication at the cell surface

A

-membrane glycoprotein and glycolipids such as MHC complex on the surface of our cells

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13
Q

Monoscacharides

A

simple sugar, 3-7 carbons

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14
Q

Aldose

A

possessed aldehyde group HCOR (C=0) at the end

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15
Q

Ketose

A

possessed ketone group RCOR (C=0) at the middle

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16
Q

Isomeric form

A

arrangement of groups on asymmetric carbon atom (mirror image)

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17
Q

Straight chain or ring forms

A

rings form predominates in aqueous solutions at pH 7

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18
Q

Disaccharides

A

two monosacharides attached to each other by a glycosidic linkage

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19
Q

glycosidic linkage

A

covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides (same or different) by a dehydration reaction

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20
Q

isomers

A

orientation of the -H and -OH groups on the #1 carbon

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21
Q

oligosaccharides

A

several monosaccharides attached together, often covalently linked to the noncytoplasmic side of the protein (glycoprotein) and lipids (glycolipids)

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22
Q

starch

A

the main storage of polysaccharides of plants and some algae
-shape of helix

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23
Q

amylose

A

linear polymer of glucose with alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkage (no branches)

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24
Q

amylopectin

A

similar to amylose except it has alpha 1-6 and branches

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25
Q

Glycogen

A

main storage of polysaccharide of animals

-similar to amylopectin but branch point are more frequent

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26
Q

amylase

A

digest starch and glycogen

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27
Q

cellulose

A

principal component of plant cell wall, most abundant polysaccharide
-glucose linkage beta 1-4

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28
Q

Cellulose structure

A
  • unbranched and straight
  • hydroxyl group H bond to those on cellulose molecules lying parallel, forming cables called microfibrils (good building material)
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29
Q

Cellulase

A
  • cows and termites have bacteria in stomach to to make cellulase
  • not all animals have this
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30
Q

Chittin

A

principal component of arthropod exoskeleton and fungal cell walls

  • homoploymer of monosaccharides derivative
  • second most abundant polysaccharide
31
Q

Lipids

A

hydrophobic, with hydrophilic functional groups attached

32
Q

hydrophobic

A

H2O doesnt dissolve

33
Q

hydrophilic

A

H2O does dissolve

34
Q

Lipid; energy storage

A

lipids twice as much energy as carbohydrates (compact fuel reserve)

35
Q

Lipids; fuel molecules

A

fatty acids (released from fat) are oxidized in the mitochondria and ATP is produced as a result

36
Q

Lipid; membrane formation

A

phospholipids and glycolipids self assemble into bilayers in aq solution

37
Q

Lipid; Communication

A

steroid hormones

secondary messanger

38
Q

Lipid; Protection

A

adipose tissue cushions the organs

39
Q

Lipids; insulation

A

adipose tissue has low thermal conductivity (used by endotherm) (animals that need to generate heat)

40
Q

Fatty acids

A
  • unbranched hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain
  • hydrophilic carboxyl group
  • 16 or 18 carbon
41
Q

Amphipathic

A

molecules with hydrophobic an hydrophilic parts

-unsaturated with double bonds

42
Q

Triacylglycerol

A

glycerides are fatty acid esters of glycerol

43
Q

cis isomer

A

H on same side

44
Q

trans isomer

A

H on opposite sides

45
Q

Animal fats at room temperatures

A
  • solid
  • saturated
  • stack regularly
  • heat is needed to disrupt
46
Q

Plant fats at room temp

A
  • liquid
  • unsaturated
  • stacked irregularly
  • lower heat is needed for disruption
47
Q

Membrane lipids

A

amphipathic, form spontaneously

48
Q

micelle formation

A

head group larger, chain area head pokes out

49
Q

bilayer formation

A

head is same as side chain (2 layers)

50
Q

liposomes

A

sphere in which phospholipids bilayer encloses an aqueous compartment

51
Q

cell plasma membrane

A
  • lipid bilayer
  • glycolipids and glycoproteins
  • ECM (extracellular membrane)
52
Q

steriods

A
  • four fused rings

- example cholesterol

53
Q

cholesterol

A
  • important component of animal membrane
  • stablized at high temp by retaining phospholipids
  • maintians fluidity at low temp by preventing clusters
54
Q

why oil and water dont mix

A

hydrophobic water molecules H bond amongst themselves but cant bond with hydrophilic chains

55
Q

Van der waals

A

neighbouring eletrons push each other out of the way and are present in some regions and not in others (attraction intermolecule force)
-only attractive between hydrophobic molecules

56
Q

Amino acids

A

at pH 7 contain + and - charges at once

57
Q

non polar AA

A
  • hydrophobic

- protein core

58
Q

polar uncharged AA

A
  • hydrophillic

- H bonds form

59
Q

polar charged AA

A
  • changes with pH
  • low pH= protons and hydrogen
  • high pH= no protons or hydrogen
60
Q

polypeptide

A

any string of AA

61
Q

proteins

A

one or more polypeptide chain

62
Q

Primary 1

A 
linear AA order 
N begins
C ends 
translates mRNA
altered by mutations
63
Q

Secondary 2

A

alpha helix and beta strands, beta sheets (repetition)

64
Q

Tertiary 3

A

entire folded protein due to R group interactions

altered by pH, temp, salt and mutation

65
Q

Quaternary 4

A

packing of two or more polypeptide chains
2 alpha
2 beta

66
Q

denaturation

A

protein unfolds or breaks down

67
Q

molecular chaperones

A

help fold proteins need ATP

68
Q

chaperonins

A

provides internal to fold (ATP needed) shield from environment

69
Q

1 structure

A

determines location of secondary ( R group interactions)

70
Q

Nucleotides

A

monomers make up DNA and RNA polymers

pentose, nitrogenous base, phosphate group

71
Q

Nucleoside

A

no phosphate

72
Q

Polynucleotide strands

A

polymers of nucleotides formed by dehydration synthesis
Backbone; regular aternation of sugars and phosphate groupds
DNA and RNA have 5’ phosphate and 3’ hydroxyl

73
Q

DNA purines vs pyrimidines

RNA purines vs pyrimidines

A

A and G / T and C

A and G / U and C

74
Q

DNA double helix

A

polypeptides wrapped together H bond opposite bases and van der waal interaction occurs
strands anitparallel

Bio 186 (12 decks)

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