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Bio 186 > A Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

A Tour of the Cell Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Resolving Power

A

minimum distance two points can be separated and still be distinguished as two separate points (clarity of image)

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2
Q

Microscope TEM

A

reveals internal details

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3
Q

Microscope SEM

A

reveals surface details

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4
Q

Why is the cell so small ?

A

-surface area/volume ratio determines how fast material can diffuse in and out of the cell (diffusion fall as cell gets larger)

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5
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A
  • small 1-5 um long
  • lack nucleus
  • ribosome and cell wall differ from eukaryotes
  • capsule: sticky outer layer
  • (pili)= projections
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6
Q

Eukaryotes

A
  • 10-100um long
  • membrane bounded organelles
  • true nucleus
  • cellular metabolism occurs with organelles, increase membrane
  • non-membrane structures (cytoskeleton, centrioles)
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7
Q

Nucleus

A
  • largest organelle

- stores, protects, replicates, and expressed genetic info

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8
Q

Nuclear envelope

A
  • double membrane

- contains nucleoplasm

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9
Q

Nucleoplasm contains

A

chromatin: DNA and protein

- ribosomes synthesis

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10
Q

Nuclear Lamina

A
  • inner nuclear membrane
  • shape of nucleus
  • protein called lamin
  • chromosomes attachment site for organizing the nuclear contents
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11
Q

Nuclear matrix

A

framework of fibres throughout nucleus

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12
Q

Human eye revolving point

A

0.1-0.2mm

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13
Q

Cell surface area

A

how fast materials can diffuse in nutrients or out of cell

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14
Q

What happens when the larger cell gets more surface area to volume ratio ?

A

volume ratio decreases (bad)

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15
Q

Perinuclear space

A

space between molecules

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16
Q

nuclear pore complexes

A

transmits traffic between nucleoplasm

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17
Q

Ribosomes

A

contains protiens and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) that functions to synthesize proteins

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18
Q

Eukaryotic Ribosomes

A

four dozen protiens (aka four rRNA molecules)

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19
Q

Free Ribosomes

A

located in cytosol, makes protien for cytosol, chloroplast, mitochondria, and nucleoplasm

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20
Q

Bound Ribosomes

A

bound to endoplasmic reticulum make modified protiens active in endomembrane system (transmembrane protiens in golgi network) and secrets protiens

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21
Q

Endomembrane system

A

membranes whose member are in direct contact with one another or engage in vesicular trafficking togther

  • includes double membranes
  • excludes paracisomes, chloroplast and mitochondria
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22
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

network of tubes and sacs, interior space= lumen

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23
Q

Smoother ER

A
  • no protein related function
  • lipid synthesis
  • carbohydrates metabolism
  • sequesters CA2+
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24
Q

Rough ER

A
  • protein synthesis
  • protein storing
  • protein modifications
  • membrane biogenesis
  • all facilitated by prepare of ribsomes
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25
Q

Golgi Appparatus

A

series of flattened sacs and associated vesicles consisting of cisternae (flattened membrane disk)

26
Q

Cis cisternae

A

cis golgi network= receiving, convex (((

27
Q

trans cisternae

A

trans golgi network- shipping concave )))

28
Q

Golgi Functions

A
  • protein sorting, processing, modifications to oligosaccharides to glyco- protein and lipids
  • plant vacuoles
  • no synthesis and no ribosomes
29
Q

Vesicles

A

transport one part of the endomembrane system to another

30
Q

Lysosomes

A

acidic compartments in animal cells containing acid hydrolases

  • maintain pH 5
  • contain activity of H+ ATP in lysosomal membrane
31
Q

Heterophagy

A

digestion of material brought into cell environment

32
Q

Autophagy

A

digestion of cells own material (worn out organelles)

33
Q

Central Vacuoles

A

occupies most volume of mature plant and fungal cells (only in plants)

  • maintains proper pressure to support plant growth
  • performs hydrolytic functions, stores waste and toxins
34
Q

Food vacuoles

A

contain phagocytosed food

35
Q

Contractile vacuoles

A

expell liquid and regulate osmotic pressure

36
Q

Mitochondria

A

sites of cellular respiration, perform most oxidation to provide energy to form ATP

37
Q

Mitochondria features

A
  • double membrane

- hundreds to thousands per cell

38
Q

Inner mitochondrial membrane

A

site of eletron transport chain ETC

  • increase surface area
  • linning of intestines
39
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

site of citric acid cycle KREBS

40
Q

Circular DNA

A

high plants also have linear

41
Q

binary fission

A

replication

42
Q

prokaryotic origin

A

but no longer able to live independently

  • phagocytosis
  • origin of alpha protobacteria
43
Q

Chloroplast

A

plastids that perform photosynthesis in plants and algae

44
Q

Chloroplast features

A
  • green due to pigment

- double membrane

45
Q

thylakoid membrane

A

site of light absorbtion

  • eletron transport produced ATP and NADPH for the calvin cycle
  • may be stacked
46
Q

stroma

A

fluid between grana site of calvin cycle and CO2 fixation

47
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

use by both mitochondria and chloroplast to generate ATP

48
Q

Endosymbiont theory

A

eukaryotes took 1st prok (mitochondria ) 2nd prok (chloroplast)

49
Q

peroxisome

A

involved in catabolic oxidative processes

50
Q

peroxisome features

A
  • belong to microbodies
  • single membrane
  • forms peroxyde (H2O2) toxic and broken down by catalase
  • doesnt contain own DNA
51
Q

cytoskeleton

A

muscle and bone of the cell containing many proteins

52
Q

cytoskeleton features

A
  • maintains shape
  • facilitates motility
  • holds and traffics organelles
  • transmits signals
53
Q

cytoskeleton components

A
  • microtubles
  • microfillaments
  • intermediate fillaments
54
Q

Microtubles (large)

A

tubulin heterodimers that are dynamic (grow and shrink)

  • hollow and largest cytoskeletal element
  • centrosome ogranize MT,
  • dyneins and Kinesisns - walk along MT in a sliding effect where cilia carry cargo
55
Q

Microfilaments (small)

A
  • actin molecules involved in cell crawling and cytoplasmic streaming
  • solid rods
  • myosins : ATP dependent, thick filaments
  • sarcomere muscle units: thin filaments actin
  • muscle movement; myosin and actin
56
Q

Intermediate filaments (medium)

A
  • durable fibres used in support only
  • high tensile strength to withstand mechanical stress
  • form nuclear lamina
57
Q

plant cell wall

A

-cellulose (polymer of glucose) microfibres in matrix of polysaccharides and proteins

58
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

-small threads of cytosol connect between plant cell neighbors = communication

59
Q

animal cell surface- Intercellular Junctions

A 
tight junctions (diffusion barriers)
desmosomes (anchoring junctions)
gap junctions (communication junctions)
60
Q

animal cell surface- Extracellular Junction

A
  • gylcoproteins, proteoglycans cross linked to each other by extracellular adhesion protein
  • anchors and supports cells, facilitates tissue formation and gene expression

Bio 186 (12 decks)

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