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Bio 186 > Animal form and function 1 > Flashcards

Animal form and function 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Physiology

A

the whole natural history or natural sciences (the study of the functions of organisms)

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2
Q

Anatomy

A

the study of the structure of organisms

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3
Q

Functional Anatomy

A

function correlates with structure in the tissue of animals

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4
Q

Tissue

A

integrated group of cells with a common structure and function

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5
Q

Four main types of Tissues

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
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6
Q

Epithelial tissue is..

A

sheet of tightly packed cells lining organs and cavities

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7
Q

Epithelial Functions

A
  • barrier- protecting against injury, microorganisms, fluid loss
  • exchange surface
  • absorption or secretion of chemical solution
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8
Q

Epithelial Types

A

is based on the number of cell layers and shape of cells

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9
Q

Epithelial Types - number of cell layers

A
  • simple; single layer
  • stratified; multiple tiers
  • pseudostratified; single layer that appears stratified
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10
Q

Epithelial Types- shape of cell

A
  • cuboidal; like dice
  • columnar; like bricks on end
  • squamous; flat like tiles
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11
Q

Connective Tissue- cells and extracellular matrix

A

-cells- sparse population
- matrix- web of fibres embedded in uniform foundation
: collagenous fibres- collagen, non-elastic
: elastic fibers- elastin, rubbery quality
: reticular fibres- collagen, thin and branched, tightly woven

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12
Q

Connective Tissue- main function

A

to bind and support other tissue

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13
Q

Connective Tissue Types

A

for each type, the structure correlates with its special function

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14
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A
  • all 3 types of fibres, lossly woven
  • binds epithelia to tissues, packing material
  • cells; fibroblasts and macrophages
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15
Q

Fibrous connective tissue

A
  • collagenous fibres; defense
  • parrallel fibre bundles-> ^ non-elastic strength
  • in tendons and ligaments
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16
Q

Adipose tissue

A
  • store fat, pads and insulates

- loose connective tissue

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17
Q

Cartilage

A
  • flexible support (nose, ears)
  • abundance of collagenous fibres in rubbery matrix
  • cells; chondrocytes
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18
Q

Bone

A
  • make up skeleton supporting the body of most vertebrates
  • mineralized connective tissue (calcium, magnesium, phosphate)
  • cells; osteoblasts and osteocytes
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19
Q

Blood

A
  • extensive extracellular matrix
  • matrix- liquid called plasma
  • cells; erythrocytes and leukocytes also platelets (cell fragments)
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20
Q

Muscle tissue

A

is the most abundant tissue in most animals

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21
Q

Muscle tissue Function

A

muscle fibres contract when stimulated by nerve impulses

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22
Q

Muscle tissue types; Striated

A
  • responsible for voluntary movement

eg. skeletal muscle

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23
Q

Muscle tissue types; smooth

A
  • lacks striation

eg. in intestines

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24
Q

Muscle tissue types; cardiac

A
  • striated, but cells branched

- forms contractile wall of the heart

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25
Q

Nervous tissue Functions

A

sense stimuli and transmit signals from one part of the animal to another

26
Q

Nervous tissue cells (neurons and glia)

A

neurons- functional units of nervous tissue, transmit nerve impulses
glia- support neurons metabolically, structurally, and functionally

27
Q

Organs

A

specialized centres of the body functions composed of several different types of tissue

28
Q

Organ systems

A

group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions

29
Q

Signalling by hormones

A
  • slow
  • effect often long lasting
  • limited to cells that have the receptor for the signal
30
Q

Signalling by neurons

A

-very fast
- brief signal
- limited to cells that connect by specialized junctions to an axon that transmits an impulse
AND
if the junction is a chemical synapse, have the receptor for the neurotransmitters

31
Q

Internal environment for vertebrates

A

interstitial fluid

32
Q

Homeostasis

A

is the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite changing external conditions
(homeo= sameness, stasis= standing still)

33
Q

How is homeostasis achieved?

A

by complex coordination of processes via chemical and or electrical signalling

34
Q

Regulator

A

uses mechanisms of homeostasis to moderate internal change in the face of external fluctuations eg. endotherms thermoregulate

35
Q

Conformer

A

allows some conditions within its body to vary with certain external changes eg. spider crabs osmoconform

36
Q

Osmoregulation

A

management of the body’s water content and solute composition

37
Q

71% of earth surface is covered by what types of water ?

A
  • mostly seawater

- total fresh water <1% or 0.01% of sea water

38
Q

Seawater contains

A
  • 3.5% salt
  • sodium and chloride
  • magnesium, sulfate, calcium
39
Q

Fresh water contains

A

-<0.1 to > 10 mosm/L of salt

40
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

41
Q

Molarity

A
  • moles of solute/ volume L

- 1M substance = MW of substance in grams/L

42
Q

Osmolarity

A
  • osmoles of solute particles/ volume L

- 1 osmole = 1 mole of osmotically active particles

43
Q

Osmolality

A

osmoles of solute/ kg

44
Q

Hyperosmotic side

A
  • higher solute concentration

- lower free water concentration

45
Q

Hypoosomotic side

A
  • lower solute concentration

- higher free water concentration

46
Q

Isoomotic with medium

A

body fluids= same osmotic pressure as medium

47
Q

Hyperosmotic

A

osmotic concentration higher than medium

48
Q

Hypoosomotic

A

osmotic concentration lower than medium

49
Q

Osmoconformer

A

animal that does not actively adjust its internal osmolarity becuz its isoosmotic with its environment

50
Q

Osmoregulator

A
  • animals whose body fluid has a different osmolarity than that of the environment
  • animals that live in hypoosmotic environment must discharge excess water
  • animals that live in hyperosmotic environment must take in water
  • expend energy to control its internal osmolarity
51
Q

How is water balanced in freshwater ?

A
  • Osoregulators
  • gain water by osmosis and food
  • lose salt by diffusion and in urine
  • regain salt in food and by active uptake from surroundings
  • excrete large amounts of diluted urine
52
Q

How is water balanced in the ocean? (Invertebrates)

A
  • osmoconformers
  • total osmolarity= seawater
  • individual solute no seawater
  • > conform to osmolarity of ocean, but regulate internal ionic composition
53
Q

How is water balanced in the ocean? (Vertebrates)

A
  • Osmoregulator
  • lose water by osmosis
  • gain water and salt in food and drinking seawater
  • dispose of salt by active transport out of gills and in urine
  • produce small quantities of urine
54
Q

Stenohaline

A

organism that cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity (stenos= narrow, close and halos= salt)

55
Q

Euryhaline

A

organism that can tolerate substantial changes in external osmolaroty (eurys= wide, broad)

56
Q

Water balance and waste disposal depends on ?

A

transport epithelia

57
Q

Transport epithelium

A
  • layers of specialized cells that regulate solute movement
  • ability to move specific solutes in controlled amounts in particular directions ***
  • cells joined by tight junctions
  • arranged into tubular networks with extensive
58
Q

Anhydrobiosis

A

(life without water)

- ability to survive in dormant state when an organism’s habitat dries up

59
Q

Osmotic balance on land large problem = Desiccation

A
  • adaptations that reduce water loss are key to surivial on land
  • water loss reduced by.. body coverings, nocturnal habit, drinking and eating moist food, using metabolic water
60
Q

Kangaroo rat

A
  • fur for insulation
  • remains cool in burrows during day
  • seed eater, derived water from seeds
  • concentrates urine and dehydrates feces
  • condenses respiratory moisture in nasal passages

Bio 186 (12 decks)

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