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Bio 186 > Circulation > Flashcards

Circulation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Circulatory system components

A

pumps, vessels, and circulatory fluid

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2
Q

Circulatory system functions

A
  • maintenance of homeostasis
  • mass transport of solutes and cells
  • transport of heat
  • transmission of force
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3
Q

Mammalian circulation; two circuits (double circulation)

A
  • separate pulmonary and systemic circuits

- pressure differences possible

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4
Q

Systole

A

heart muscle contracts and chambers pump blood

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5
Q

Diastole

A

heart muscle is relaxed and chamber fills with blood

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6
Q

cardiac cycle

A

inherent activity of the heart and can be modified by outside influences

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7
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart towards capillaries

- Arterioles (small branches of arteries, that convey blood to capillaries)

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8
Q

Capillaries

A
  • microscopic vessels that penetrate the tissues

- consist of single layer of cells that allow exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid

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9
Q

Veins

A

return blood to heart from capillaries

- Venules (convey blood between a capillary bed and a vein)

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10
Q

Blood pressure and blood flow

A

velocity varies inversely with total cross - sectional area of vessels

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11
Q

systolic pressure

A

ventricles contracting

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12
Q

diastolic pressure

A

ventricle relaxing

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13
Q

Blood pressure

A

force of the heartbeat falls almost to zero in veins, venules

  • returns to heart due to contraction of skeletal muscles
  • one way valves in veins ensure direction of blood flow towards heart
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14
Q

Measurement of blood pressure

A
  • record as two numbers; the first is systolic pressure and the second is diastolic pressure
  • in healthy resting human; 120mm Hg at systole and 70mm Hg at diastole
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15
Q

Regulation of blood flow

A
  • blood volume < systemic capacity
  • blood flow is directed to active tissue
  • relaxing/ contracting of precapillary sphincters (control mechanism)
  • constriction/ dilation of arterioles (control mechanism)
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16
Q

Lymphatic system functions

A
  • fluid balance, net leakage of fluid and proteins from blood capillaries, lymph capillaries collect lost fluid and return blood circulation
  • defense; lymph nodes have defense cells
  • lymph capillaries pick up fats absorbed by the small intestines, transfer it to blood
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17
Q

Lymphatic system Movement

A
  • one way valves, contraction of skeletal muscles

- lymph does not circulate in a closed circuit

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18
Q

Lymphatic system thymus

A

the site of maturation of T lymphocytes (of the immune system)

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19
Q

Lymphatic system tonsils

A

handle infections in the mouth

20
Q

Lymphatic system spleen function

A
  • defense
  • red blood cell destruction
  • blood reservoir
21
Q

Blood composition

A
  • cellular elements

- plasma; blood minus the cells

22
Q

Blood volume

A

heart rate (70 beats/min at rest) X stroke volume (75ml) = 5.25L/ min

23
Q

Blood Hematocrit

A
  • packed cell volume
  • normal value (45%) is regulated
  • departures are either adaptive or pathological
24
Q

Leukocytes

A
  • 5000-10 000 / mm3

- defense and immunity

25
Q

Erythrocytes

A
  • 5 -6 million / mm3

- O2 and CO2 transport

26
Q

Platelets

A
  • 250 000 - 400 000/ mm3

- blood clotting

27
Q

Erythrocytes - shape

A

-biconcave disc (oval in camels)
-small size (mammals 5-10um)
= large surface area

28
Q

Erythrocytes- Contents

A
  • hemoglobin
  • spectrin; predominant component of the membrane skeleton
  • glycolytic enzymes; active carbohydrates metabolism (anaerobic)
  • carbonic anhydrase; catalyze CO2 - bicarbonate
  • no organelles or ribosomes
  • mammals; no nucleus = more space for hemoglobin
29
Q

Formation of Erythrocytes- erythropoiesis Process

A
  • takes 4 days from stem cell to erythrocytes
  • begins in bone marrow, completed in circulating blood
  • initiated when not enough O2 reaches tissues
30
Q

Formation of Erythrocytes- erythropoiesis Rate

A
  • 100 million cells per minute
  • normally balanced with erythrocytes destruction
  • can exceed destruction under conditions of tissue oxygen deficiency
31
Q

Destruction of Erythrocytes

A
  • break apart in capillaries due to mechanical stress

- eaten by macrophages (defensive phagocytes) in spleen and liver

32
Q

Human red blood cells

A
  • responsible for transport of O2 around body
  • 5-6 million
  • bioconcave shape
  • lack nucleus
  • lack mitochondria
  • life time of 120 days
  • manufactured in red marrow of certain bones
  • age or damaged cells phagocytosed by white blood cells in spleen and liver
33
Q

Severe blood loss

A
  • v blood pressure- v blood flow from damaged area
  • constriction of blood vessel- v blood flow
  • coagulation
34
Q

Blood loss can be halted by

A
  • platelet plugs (from early)

- fibrin clots (from later)

35
Q

Platelets

A
  • small, short lived fragments of cells
  • 2 - 3 um (150 000 - 300 000mm)
  • Do not respond to undamaged endothelial wall
36
Q

Platelets are activated by

A
  • exposed collagen fibres in damaged tissue of vessel walls
  • foreign surfaces
  • thrombin
37
Q

Platelets upon activation …

A
  • form of platelet plug
  • release of clotting factor
  • change shape
38
Q

Platelets contain

A
  • actin and myosin (help them contract)
  • chemicals that help coagulation process to begin
  • chemicals that attract other platelets
  • chemicals that stimulate blood vessel repair
  • chemicals that stabilize a blood clot
39
Q

Blood clot formation

A

-takes place via an activation cascade; cascades amplify signals

40
Q

Blood clot steps -1

A
  • tissue damage (endothelium); exposed to foregin substance= exposure to collagen
  • clotting factors; release from platelets and injured tissue, plasma protein synthesized liver, circulate in inactive form
41
Q

Blood clot steps -2

A
  • thrombin; enzyme, absent from circulating blood
  • prothrombin circulates in plasma
  • activation of blood factor= prothrombin= thrombin
  • thrombin=fibrinogen= fibrin
42
Q

Blood clot steps -3

A
  • platelets; release substance that cause contraction of blood vessels
  • sticky platelets form plug
  • initiate formation of fibrin clot
  • clot seals wound until vessel wall heals
43
Q

Clotting dynamics

A
  • opposing clotting; anticlotting agents (heparin)

- favouring clotting; activated platelets, activated blood factors, thrombin, fibrin

44
Q

Clotting dissolution

A
  • fibrinolysis

- dissolution of fibrin and thrombus

45
Q

Plasmin

A
  • main enzyme in fibrinolysis
  • cleaves fibrin in multiple locations
  • acts to dissolve a firbin clot
  • produced in inactive form (plasminogen) in the liver
46
Q

Plasminogen

A
  • cannot cleave fibrin, but has an affinity for it

- incorporated into the clot when it is formed

47
Q

Clot lysis

A

complex process involving proteolytic enzymes, activators and inhibitors of plasmin and other proteases

Bio 186 (12 decks)

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