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Bio 186 > Animal form and function 2 > Flashcards

Animal form and function 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Elements of homeostatic systems- sensor

A

sensor (or receptor)

perceives a change and notifies the integrator

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2
Q

Elements of homeostatic systems- integrator

A

integrator (or control centre)

compares the sensor’s input with an internal setpoint; it then gives orders to the effector

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3
Q

Elements of homeostatic systems- effector

A

brings about a response

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4
Q

types of control circuits- negative feedback

A

(most)
change in internal environment is counteracted
Change in variable -> trigers control mechanisms-> counteracts further change

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5
Q

types of control circuits- positive feedback

A

(few)
change in internal environment is augmented
Change in variable -> triggers mechanisms-> amplify change

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6
Q

thermoregulation

A

regulation of body temperature

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7
Q

conduction

A

the direct transfer of thermal motion (heat) between molecules of objects in direct contact with each other

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8
Q

convection

A

the mass movement of warmed air or liquid to or from the surface of a body or object

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9
Q

radiation

A

the emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero (-273)

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10
Q

Evaporation

A

the removal of heat energy from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules

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11
Q

Evaporative cooling

A

the property of liquid whereby the surface become cooler during evaporation, owing to a loss of highly kinetic molecules to the gaseous state

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12
Q

Thermal strategies

A

-combination of behavioral, biochemical, and physiological response that ensure that body temp. is within an acceptable limit

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13
Q

Two types of thermal strategies

A
  • Tolerance; body temp is allowed to vary with ambient temp

- Regulation; body temp does not vary with ambient temp

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14
Q

Sources of thermal energy

A
  • ectotherm; environment determines body temp

- endotherm; animal generates internal heat to maintain body temp

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15
Q

stability of body temp

A
  • poikilotherm; variable body temp

- homeotherm; stable body temp

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16
Q

How do ectotherm and endotherm maintain body temp?

A
  • ecto; close to the environment temp

- endo; use metabolic heat to maintain fairly stable body temp

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17
Q

Costs of ectotherm

A
  • inability to physically regulate body temp. (through behavioral controls)
  • restrict to geographical regions with ambient temp
  • limited time of high activity/energy bursts
  • not good at avoiding predators through flight
18
Q

Benefits of Ectotherm

A
  • lower metabolic rate
  • slower, low energy approach to life
  • require less food and water (less time foraging)
  • can function with muscle much smaller body masses then endotherms
19
Q

Cost of Endotherm

A
  • metabolic cost requiring high metabolic rate
  • needs lots of food and water (more time need to hunt)
  • dehydration in hot/dry climates
  • small amount of energy for growth and reproduction
  • small body is rare due to surface area constraints on heat loss
20
Q

Benefits of Endotherm

A
  • sustain long periods of activity
  • enzyme function normally in narrow body temp
  • active at times of day or year that are too cold for ectotherms
  • no limited geographic area
  • survive weather fluctuations
21
Q

Vasodilation

A

-increase diameter of blood vessels
- elevated blood flow in the skin
- triggered by nerve signals to relax muscles of vessel walls
-in endotherm, usually warms skin, increases transfer of body heat to cool environment
^ rate of heat loss

22
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

-decrease diameter of vessels
- reduce blood low and heat transfer.
v rate of heat losee

23
Q

Countercurrent heat exchanger

A
  • special arrangement of blood vessels
  • facilitate heat transfer from arteries to veins
  • help trap heat in body core
  • reducing heat loss in many endotherms
24
Q

Cooling by evaporative heat loss

A

-sweating, panting, mucus secretion

25
Q

Behavioral responsnes

A

change in posture, or moving about in the environment

26
Q

High basal metabolic rate

A

production of large amounts of metabolic heat that replace the flow of heat to the environment

27
Q

Shivering thermogenesis (endotherm)

A

high muscle activity = high heat production

28
Q

Nonshivering thermogenesis (endotherm)

A
  • high metabolic rate (due to hormonal changes)
  • high mitochondrial activity = produce heat instead of ATP
  • brown fat specialized for rapid heat production
29
Q

Body size of endotherms

A

large size helps retain metabolic heat

30
Q

Feedback mechanisms in thermoregulation of mammals

A
  • neurons in hypothalamus function as a thermostat
  • sensory cells (warm and cold receptors in skin) signal hypothalamus when temp increases or decreases
  • hypothalamus responds by activating or inhibiting appropriate mechanisms
31
Q

Bioenergetics of animals

A
  • animals are heterotrophs that harvest chemical engery (from food)
  • it is used to work, store, excrete, and release as heat
  • heat produced by metabolism is for doing work, or maintaining body temp
32
Q

Metabolic rate

A
  • amount of energy an animal uses as a unit of time, sum of all energy- requiring biochemical reactions occurring over a given time
  • measured by animals rate of heat loss, O2 consumption, or CO2 production
33
Q

Basal Metabolic rate (BMR)

A

-stable rate of energy metabolism measured in mammals and birds under conditions of minimum environmental and physiological stress ( (at rest with no temp stress and after fasting)

34
Q

Standard Metabolic rate (SMR)

A
  • a measure that is similar to BMR but used for animals with varying body temp that is maintained at a selected body temp
  • (animals resting and fasting metabolism at a given body temp)
35
Q

What influences Metabolic rate?

A
  • size
  • internal work
  • external work
  • tissue growth and repair
  • time of the day
  • season
  • sex
  • stress
  • type of food being metabolized
36
Q

Acclimatization

A

-production of stress induced proteins

37
Q

Acclimatization - in birds and mammals

A
  • adjusting the amount of insulation

- varying the capacity for metabolic heat production

38
Q

Acclimatization - in ectotherm

A
  • adjustments at the cellular level

- production of cryoprotectants

39
Q

Torpor

A
  • physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases
40
Q

Hibernation

A

long term torpor, evolved as an adaptation to winter cold and good scarcity (bear)

41
Q

Estivation

A

summer torpor, also characterized by slow metabolism and inactivity (fish, invertebrates)

42
Q

Daily torpor

A

eg. hummingbird

Bio 186 (12 decks)

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