Structural & Functional Organization of the Respiratory System Flashcards
the respiratory system consist of what two parts
upper and lower respiratory systems
the upper respiratory system includes what structures
nose
pharynx
the lower respiratory system includes what structures
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
the respiratory system can also be divided into what two parts based on function
conducting zone
respiratory zone
what are the four paranasal sinuses
Frontal
Ethmoidal
Maxillary (largest)
Sphenoid
what is the double-layered serous membrane that encloses and protects each lung called
Pleural membrane
what is the outer layer that is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity and diaphragm called
Parietal pleura
what is the inner layer that is attached to the lungs called
Visceral pleura
What is the narrow space located between the visceral and parietal pleura which contains a lubricating fluid secreted by the membranes called
Pleural cavity
the left lung is how much small than the right
10% smaller than the right lung
what are the deep grooves which divides the lung into lobes called
fissures
the Right lung has what kind of fissures
Oblique and Horizontal Fissures
the left lung has what kind of fissures
Oblique Fissure only
each lung lobe contains a lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, a venule
and a branch from a terminal bronchiole wrapped in elastic connective
tissue called
Lobules
where is the main sight if gas exchange
alveoli
The muscles of quiet (unforced)
inhalation are:
Diaphragm
External intercostal muscles contract
where does the diaphragm receive nerve impulses
phrenic nerves
Contraction of the diaphragm is responsible for about what percent of the air that enters the lungs during quiet breathing
75%
The muscles of quiet (unforced)
exhalation are:
Diaphragm
external intercostal.
During forced exhalation, muscles of exhalation are
Transverse abdominis
Internal oblique
Internal intercostal
Rectus abdominis
External oblique
Each inhalation and exhalation moves about how many ml of air into and out of the lungs
500ml
Tidal volume
The volume of one breath.
The total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute is equal to breathing rate multiplied by tidal volume is called
minute ventilation
Minute ventilation (MV):
MV = 12 breaths/min x 500 mL/breath (6000 mL/min or 6 liters/min)
About what percent of tidal volume actually reaches the respiratory
bronchioles and alveolar sacs and thus participates in gas exchange.
70%
Instrument used to measure respiratory rate and the amount of air inhaled and exhaled when breathing is called
spirogram
normal pattern of quiet breathing is called
Eupnea
an upward and outward movement of the chest is called
Costal breathing (shallow)
outward movement of the abdomen
Diaphragmatic breathing (deep)
External Respiration is
Pulmonary Gas Exchange
The volume of air that remains even after expiratory reserve volume is expelled is called
residual volume
The sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and
expiratory reserve volume
Vital Capacity (VC):
what is the most common gas in atmosphere
Nitrogen
what is the 2nd most common gas in atmosphere
Oxygen
air move on a gradient from
high to lower
internal respirations is
systemic gas exchange
what % of O2 is contained in blood plasma
1.5%
what % of O2 is bound to hemoglobin hgb in RBC’s.
98.5%
When blood PO2 is high, hemoglobin binds
large amounts of O2 and is
fully saturated
When blood PO2 is low,
hemoglobin releases O2.
Besides PO2 other factors influence O2 release from hemoglobin
Carbon Dioxide
Acidity
Temperature
Carbon Dioxide Transport. Transported in blood in three main forms:
CO2 =7%
amino acids=23%
Bicarbonate ions=70%
The area from which nerve impulses are sent to the respiratory
muscles to control respiratory rate. Located in both the Pons and Medulla Oblongata
Respiratory Center
Medullary Respiratory Center. Located in the Medulla Oblongata, controls what
basic rhythm of respiration
Generates nerve impulses establishing basic rhythm of quiet normal breathing.
Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)
Nerve impulses last for approx how many seconds
2 sec
Neurons of this area supply nerve impulses for forceful exhalation and remain
inactive during quiet breathing.
Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)
Plays a role in both inhalation and exhalation by modifying the
rhythm of breathing generated by the VRG as when exercising, speaking, or sleeping
Pontine Respiratory Group (PRG)
The respiratory system is very responsive to levels
CO2 and O2 in body
fluids.
Central Chemoreceptors: Located in the medulla, respond to changes in what elements in the cerebrospinal fluid in the CSF.
H+
PCO2
