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SFIDC - Ramirez > Structural & Functional Organization of the Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Structural & Functional Organization of the Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

where does 2/3 of the heart mass lie where

A

left of the midline

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2
Q

the base of the heart is formed where

A

atria

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3
Q

what forms the apex of the heart

A

Left Ventricle

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4
Q

what are the functions of the pericardium

A

anchor the heart in place

prevent the heart from over stretching

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5
Q

what are the two parts of the pericardium

A

fibrous pericardium

serous pericardium

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6
Q

the pericardium is made up of what layers

A

epicardium

myocardium

endocardium

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7
Q

the heart is made up of what four chambers

A

2 atria

2 ventricles

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8
Q

atria and ventricles are separated by what

A

internal or interventricular septum

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9
Q

what is thinner atria or ventricles

A

atria

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10
Q

atria empty their contents into what

A

ventricles

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11
Q

ventricles move blood where

A

out of the heart

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12
Q

what ventricle is thinner and and pumps blood into the lungs

A

Right ventricle

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13
Q

what ventricle is thicker and and pumps blood to the body

A

left ventricle

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14
Q

how many valves are there in the heart?

A

4

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15
Q

what are two types of vales in the heart

A

atrioventricular (AV)

semilunar (SL)

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16
Q

the bicuspid vale is also known as what

A

mitral

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17
Q

what are the two atrioventricular (AV) vales

A

tricuspid

bicuspid

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18
Q

what are the two semilunar (SL) vales

A

aortic valve

pulmonic valve

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19
Q

blood flow through the myocardium is know as what

A

coronary circulation

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20
Q

what supplies the heart with oxygenated blood

A

right and left coronary arteries

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21
Q

Cardiac excitation normally starts where

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

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22
Q

what is the electrical pathway for heart contraction

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

atrial branch (Buchmann’s branch)

Atrioventricular (AV) node

AV branches (bundle of his)

R/L bundle branches

Purkinje fibers

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23
Q

what are the wave names in a ECG

A

P wave

QRS complex

T wave

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24
Q

what does the P wave represent

A

atrial depolarization

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25
Q

what does the QRS complex represent

A

ventricular depolarization

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26
Q

what does the QRS complex hide

A

atrial repolarization due to size

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27
Q

what does the T wave represent

A

ventricular repolarization

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28
Q

a cardiac cycle represents everything associated with one heartbeat typically last how long

A

0.8 seconds

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29
Q

what are the three phases in a cardiac cycle

A

relaxation periods

atrial systole

ventricular systole

30
Q

what happens in the relaxation period

A

ventricles start to relax and repolarize

31
Q

all 4 chambers of the heart including the atria enter into a period of diastole (dilation) in what phase of cardiac cycle

A

relaxation periods

32
Q

in the relaxation phase of cardiac cycle the ventricles are filled to what capacity

A

75%

33
Q

in the atrial systole phase of cardiac cycle are both atria depolarized, yes or no

A

yes

34
Q

in the atrial systole phase of cardiac cycle after depolarization what happens

A

the last 25% of the blood is ejected from atria to ventricles

35
Q

in the ventricular systole phase of cardiac cycle the ventricles depolarize the do what

A

contract ejecting blood into the pulmonary trunk and right aorta

36
Q

Approximately how much blood is ejected into systemic circulation per
ventricular contraction.

A

70ml

37
Q

what is Cardiac output (CO)

A

the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta per minute.

38
Q

what is the formula to calculate Cardiac output (CO)

A

stroke volume x heart rate

then divide answer by 1000

39
Q

what are the 5 main type of blood vessels

A

Arteries

Arterioles

Capillaries

Venules

Veins

40
Q

describe arteries and what do they do

A

thick triple layered

carry blood away from heart

41
Q

describe arterioles and what do they do

A

thin

down size arteries

42
Q

describe Capillaries, what do they do, and they are known as what

A

microscopic / Hair-like

connect arterioles to venules.

known as exchange vessels

43
Q

Very are the thin vessels formed when capillaries reunite

A

Venules

44
Q

Designated vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the heart to be
oxygenated.

A

Veins

45
Q

veins and venules contain about how much total volume of blood (in percent )

A

64%

46
Q

Capillary filling is controlled by small arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters via what process

A

auto regulation (constrict or dilate)

47
Q

auto regulation (constrict or dilate) provides what

A

control blood flow to local tissues according to metabolic demands

48
Q

Balance of BP and osmosis determines amount of fluid in circulation, Excess fluid lost is returned to the circulatory system via what system

A

lymphatic system

49
Q

Blood pressure is defined as pressure exerted on the walls of the vessels as what contracts

A

ventricles

50
Q

where is BP highest

A

aorta and the large systemic arteries.

51
Q

the cardiovascular system has how many liter/ quarts of blood

A

5 liters

5.3 quarts

52
Q

Volume or blood loss more than what percentage is potentially life threatening.

A

10%

53
Q

what is the opposition to flow

A

Vascular resistance

54
Q

with smaller lumen what results in greater resistance

A

vasoconstriction

55
Q

with greater vessel length what results in greater resistance

A

weight gain

56
Q

what influences higher viscosity of blood

A

high hematocrit

57
Q

what regulates blood flow to the brain

A

the medulla oblongata

58
Q

what are the 3 main types of hormonal feedback blood brain flow

A

proprioceptors

baroreceptors

chemoreceptors

59
Q

proprioceptors monitors what

A

movements of the joints and muscles

60
Q

baroreceptors are pressure receptors for

A

aorta and carotid arties

61
Q

where are chemoreceptors located

A

arch of the aorta and carotid bodies

62
Q

chemoreceptors in the arches and the aorta and carotid bodies stimulate what

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic response to chemical change in the body

63
Q

what are the two main circulation pathways of blood through the body

A

systemic circulation

pulmonary circulation

64
Q

all systemic arteries branch off the

A

aorta

65
Q

where doe gas exchange take place to re-oxygenate the blood

A

pulmonary capillaries

66
Q

how is pulse assessed

A

holding pressure on common arteries for one min

67
Q

what are the common arteries

A

radial artery
carotid artery

brachial artery

popliteal artery

68
Q

what is the normal pulse/heart rate

A

75bpm

69
Q

what is considered bradycardia

A

60bpm

70
Q

what is considered tachycardia

A

above 100Bpm

71
Q

as we age and stiffing of the aorta and loss of cardiac muscle strength we are at increased risk of what

A

coronary artery disease (CAD)

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

atherosclerosis

72
Q

regular exercise for how long and how many times a week is essential for cardiovascular heath

A

2 min

3-5 times a week

SFIDC - Ramirez (50 decks)

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