Structural & Functional Organization of the Cardiovascular System Flashcards
where does 2/3 of the heart mass lie where
left of the midline
the base of the heart is formed where
atria
what forms the apex of the heart
Left Ventricle
what are the functions of the pericardium
anchor the heart in place
prevent the heart from over stretching
what are the two parts of the pericardium
fibrous pericardium
serous pericardium
the pericardium is made up of what layers
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
the heart is made up of what four chambers
2 atria
2 ventricles
atria and ventricles are separated by what
internal or interventricular septum
what is thinner atria or ventricles
atria
atria empty their contents into what
ventricles
ventricles move blood where
out of the heart
what ventricle is thinner and and pumps blood into the lungs
Right ventricle
what ventricle is thicker and and pumps blood to the body
left ventricle
how many valves are there in the heart?
4
what are two types of vales in the heart
atrioventricular (AV)
semilunar (SL)
the bicuspid vale is also known as what
mitral
what are the two atrioventricular (AV) vales
tricuspid
bicuspid
what are the two semilunar (SL) vales
aortic valve
pulmonic valve
blood flow through the myocardium is know as what
coronary circulation
what supplies the heart with oxygenated blood
right and left coronary arteries
Cardiac excitation normally starts where
sinoatrial (SA) node
what is the electrical pathway for heart contraction
sinoatrial (SA) node
atrial branch (Buchmann’s branch)
Atrioventricular (AV) node
AV branches (bundle of his)
R/L bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
what are the wave names in a ECG
P wave
QRS complex
T wave
what does the P wave represent
atrial depolarization
what does the QRS complex represent
ventricular depolarization
what does the QRS complex hide
atrial repolarization due to size
what does the T wave represent
ventricular repolarization
a cardiac cycle represents everything associated with one heartbeat typically last how long
0.8 seconds
what are the three phases in a cardiac cycle
relaxation periods
atrial systole
ventricular systole
what happens in the relaxation period
ventricles start to relax and repolarize
all 4 chambers of the heart including the atria enter into a period of diastole (dilation) in what phase of cardiac cycle
relaxation periods
in the relaxation phase of cardiac cycle the ventricles are filled to what capacity
75%
in the atrial systole phase of cardiac cycle are both atria depolarized, yes or no
yes
in the atrial systole phase of cardiac cycle after depolarization what happens
the last 25% of the blood is ejected from atria to ventricles
in the ventricular systole phase of cardiac cycle the ventricles depolarize the do what
contract ejecting blood into the pulmonary trunk and right aorta
Approximately how much blood is ejected into systemic circulation per
ventricular contraction.
70ml
what is Cardiac output (CO)
the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta per minute.
what is the formula to calculate Cardiac output (CO)
stroke volume x heart rate
then divide answer by 1000
what are the 5 main type of blood vessels
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
describe arteries and what do they do
thick triple layered
carry blood away from heart
describe arterioles and what do they do
thin
down size arteries
describe Capillaries, what do they do, and they are known as what
microscopic / Hair-like
connect arterioles to venules.
known as exchange vessels
Very are the thin vessels formed when capillaries reunite
Venules
Designated vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the heart to be
oxygenated.
Veins
veins and venules contain about how much total volume of blood (in percent )
64%
Capillary filling is controlled by small arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters via what process
auto regulation (constrict or dilate)
auto regulation (constrict or dilate) provides what
control blood flow to local tissues according to metabolic demands
Balance of BP and osmosis determines amount of fluid in circulation, Excess fluid lost is returned to the circulatory system via what system
lymphatic system
Blood pressure is defined as pressure exerted on the walls of the vessels as what contracts
ventricles
where is BP highest
aorta and the large systemic arteries.
the cardiovascular system has how many liter/ quarts of blood
5 liters
5.3 quarts
Volume or blood loss more than what percentage is potentially life threatening.
10%
what is the opposition to flow
Vascular resistance
with smaller lumen what results in greater resistance
vasoconstriction
with greater vessel length what results in greater resistance
weight gain
what influences higher viscosity of blood
high hematocrit
what regulates blood flow to the brain
the medulla oblongata
what are the 3 main types of hormonal feedback blood brain flow
proprioceptors
baroreceptors
chemoreceptors
proprioceptors monitors what
movements of the joints and muscles
baroreceptors are pressure receptors for
aorta and carotid arties
where are chemoreceptors located
arch of the aorta and carotid bodies
chemoreceptors in the arches and the aorta and carotid bodies stimulate what
sympathetic and parasympathetic response to chemical change in the body
what are the two main circulation pathways of blood through the body
systemic circulation
pulmonary circulation
all systemic arteries branch off the
aorta
where doe gas exchange take place to re-oxygenate the blood
pulmonary capillaries
how is pulse assessed
holding pressure on common arteries for one min
what are the common arteries
radial artery
carotid artery
brachial artery
popliteal artery
what is the normal pulse/heart rate
75bpm
what is considered bradycardia
60bpm
what is considered tachycardia
above 100Bpm
as we age and stiffing of the aorta and loss of cardiac muscle strength we are at increased risk of what
coronary artery disease (CAD)
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
atherosclerosis
regular exercise for how long and how many times a week is essential for cardiovascular heath
2 min
3-5 times a week
