Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
<p>Define Anatomy</p>
<p>The science of STRUCTURES and the relationships among structures of the human body.</p>
<p>Define physiology</p>
<p>The science of body FUNCTIONS that is how the body parts work</p>
what are the levels of organization
- Chemical
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- System
- Organismal
<p>how many levels of organization are there</p>
<p>6</p>
<p>The Chemical level is comprised of what</p>
<p>atoms and molecules</p>
<p>2 or more atoms joined together are called what</p>
<p>molecules</p>
when is the cellular level is reached
when CELLS combine to form structures
<p>The tissue level is reached when</p>
<p>groups of cells and materials work together to preform a function</p>
<p>What are the four basic types of tissues in the body</p>
<p>- Epithelial
<br></br>- Connective
<br></br>- Muscular
<br></br>- Nervous</p>
The organ level is reached
when different kinds of tissues join together to form body structure
<p>What is a common characteristic of organs</p>
- Recognizable shape
- composed of two or more DIFFERENT tissues with a common function.
<p>What are the tissues that make up the stomach</p>
Serous Membrane
Smooth Muscle Tissue Layers
Epithelial Tissue
Describe the stomach serous membrane
the outside of the stomach that protects and reduces friction
Describe the smooth muscle tissue layers of the stomach
contracts to churn and mix food and push to small intestine
<p>Describe the epithelial tissue layer of the stomach</p>
<p>innermost lining of the stomach contributes fluid and chemicals that aid digestion</p>
<p>The system level is described as</p>
<p>Related organs that have a common function</p>
The body systems work together for what purpose
Maintain health
protect against disease
allow for reproduction
<p>Describe the Organismal level</p>
<p>The largest level of organization</p>
<p>Which body system helps eliminate waste</p>
<p>The Urinary system</p>
<p>Define Homeostasis</p>
<p>the maintenance of relatively stable conditions</p>
<p>What systems control homeostasis</p>
<p>Nervous and Endocrine System</p>
<p>When the NERVOUS system detects changes how does it send messages</p>
<p>Nerve impulses</p>
<p>How does the ENDOCRINE system enact change</p>
<p>Secreting molecules called HORMONES</p>
<p>Homeostasis is maintained my means of</p>
<p>Feedback systems</p>
<p>what is a feedback system or feedback loop</p>
<p>Cycle of events in which a condition in the body is continually MONITORED, EVALUATED, CHANGED, and so on</p>
<p>Controlled conditions are body conditions that are</p>
<p>Monitored to maintain homeostasis</p>
<p>A disruption that causes change in a controlled condition is called</p>
<p>Stimulus</p>
<p>What are the 3 basic components that make up a feedback system</p>
- Receptors
- Control Center
- Effector
<p>what is a Receptor in the feedback system</p>
<p>A body structure that monitors change in a controlled condition and sends information to the control center</p>
What does the control center in the feedback system do
sets the range of value within which a controlled condition should be maintained.
What is a effector in the feedback system
a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response
<p>Describe the feedback system loop</p>
STIMULUS --> CONTROLLED CONDITIONS --> RECEPTORS --> CONTROL CENTER --> EFFECTORS --> RESPONSE-
<p>define a negative feedback system</p>
<p>Reverses a change in a controlled condition</p>
Negative feedback system tend to regulate what
Fairly stable conditions over long periods
<p>what are examples of controlled condition that are regulated by NEGATIVE feedback system</p>
- Blood pressure
- Blood Glucose level
- Body Temperature
<p>Most feedback systems are in the body are</p>
<p>Negative</p>
<p>Describe a positive feedback system</p>
<p>Continually strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled condition</p>
<p>what are examples of controlled condition that are regulated by POSITIVE feedback system</p>
<p>Childbirth
<br></br>Ovulation
<br></br>Blood Clotting</p>
<p>How is the action of a positive feedback system stopped</p>
<p>MUST be interrupted by some mechanism</p>
<p>Define anatomical position</p>
<p>The language of anatomy and physiology</p>
<p>in the study of anatomy we assume what position</p>
<p>Anatomical Position</p>
<p>What is the anatomical position</p>
<p>Standing erect facing the observer
<br></br>Head level
<br></br>Eyes forward
<br></br>lower limbs parallel
<br></br>fleet flat
<br></br>upper limbs at side
<br></br>palms turned forward</p>
<p>describe Prone</p>
<p>the body is lying face down</p>
<p>describe Supine</p>
<p>the body is lying face up</p>
<p>What are the body regions</p>
<p>Head
<br></br>Neck
<br></br>Trunk
<br></br>Upper Limbs
<br></br>Lower Limbs</p>
<p>Define Superior</p>
<p>towards the head, or upper part of the structure</p>
<p>Define Inferior</p>
<p>away from the head or lower part of the structure</p>
<p>Define Anterior</p>
<p>Near to or at the front of the body</p>
<p>Define Posterior</p>
<p>Near to or at the back of the body</p>
<p>Define Medial</p>
<p>Nearer to the midline or Midsagittal plane</p>
<p>Define lateral</p>
<p>Farther from midline or midsagittal plane</p>
<p>Define Proximal</p>
<p>Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
<br></br>Nearer to the point of origin or the beginning</p>
Define Distal
<p>Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk
<br></br>further from the point of origin or the beginning</p>
<p>Define Superficial</p>
<p>toward or on the surface of the body</p>
<p>Define deep</p>
<p>Away from the surface of the body</p>
<p>What are body planes</p>
<p>Imaginary flat surfaces, that pass through body parts</p>
<p>What are the four major planes</p>
<p>Sagittal
<br></br>Frontal
<br></br>Transverse
<br></br>Oblique</p>
<p>Define Sagittal plane</p>
<p>Vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides</p>
Define Midsagittal plane
when the plane passes passes through the midline of the body or organ and divides it into equal right and left side
Define Parasagittal plane
divides the body or organ into unequal right and left sides
Define Frontal Plane or coronal Plane
divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior
Define Transverse plane
divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior
The transverse plane may also be called
Cross-sectional or horizontal plane
Sagittal, Frontal, and Transverse planes are all what kind of angles to one another
Right
how do oblique plane pass through the body or organ
at an angle
What are body cavities
Spaces within the body that contains, protect, separate, and support internal organs
The cranial cavity is formed by what
Cranial Bones and contains the brain
The vertebral canal is formed by what
Vertebral column and contains the spinal cord
What are the major body cavities of the trunk?
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
What is the thoracic cavity
Chest cavity
The Thoracic cavity (chest cavity) contains what
heart
great blood vessels
lungs
The Serous membrane of the pleural membrane is called the
Pleura
Describe the diaphragm
is a dome shaped muscle that powers breathing
What does the diaphragm separate
Thoracic cavity from abdominopelvic cavity
The abdominopelvic cavity extends from
The diaphragm to the groin
the abdominopelvic cavity is divided into how many portions
two, although no wall separates them
The upper part of the abdominopelvic cavity contains what
Stomach spleen liver gallbladder small intestine most of the large intestine
The lower part of the abdominopelvic cavity contains
urinary bladder
portions of the large intestine
internal organs of reproductive system
The upper portion of the abdominopelvic is what cavity
abdomin
describe the Serous membrane
thin slippery, double layered membrane
How many abdominopelvic regions are there
9
Name the 9 abdominopelvic regions
Right hypochondriac epigastric left hypochondriac right lumbar umbilical left lumbar right inguinal hypogastric left inguinal
