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gastrointestinal > Structural and Functional Organization of the Digestive System > Flashcards

Structural and Functional Organization of the Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What two groups of organs make up the digestive system?

A

GI tract/Alimentary
and
Accessory Organs

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2
Q

What is included in the GI/alimentary tract?

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine

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3
Q

What is included in the accessory digestive organs?

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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4
Q

Three regions of the abdomen:

A

intrathoracic
true abdomen
retroperitoneal

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5
Q

organs of the intrathoracic region:

A 
liver (solid) 
gallbladder (solid but contained) 
spleen (solid) 
Stomach (hollow) 
Transverse Colon (hollow)
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6
Q

organs in the true abdomen:

A

small and large intestine
liver, lower portions
bladder
FEMALE: uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries

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7
Q

What are the six functions of digestion?

A 
Ingestion
Secretion 
Mixing and propulsion 
Absorption 
Digestion
Defecation
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8
Q

What are the 4 distinct layers of GI tissue?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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9
Q

The serosa is made up of two sub layers, what are they?

A

Visceral peritoneum

Parietal peritoneum

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10
Q

What is the “fatty apron” that drapes over the traverse colon and small intestine?

A

greater omentum

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11
Q

What binds the intestine to the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Mesentery

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12
Q

This function of digestions involves cells lining GI tracts produce water, acid, buffers and enzymes to aid digestions

A

Secretion

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13
Q

This basic function of digestion involves mechanical and chemical process that breaks down the food we ingest

A

Digestion

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14
Q

this basic function of digestion is when small molecules produced in digestion move into spaces to be used by cells

A

absorption

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15
Q

this basic function of digestion is when elimination of materials happens of materials not absorbed by our body in indigestion.

A

defecation

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16
Q

what are the four distinct layers that form the gastrointestinal tract?

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

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17
Q

this layer of the GI tract is the innermost lining of the GI tract that is in direct contact with the substances passing through:

A

Mucosa

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18
Q

this layer of the GI tract is made up of areolar connective tissue that bind the mucosa to the muscularis. It contains blood and lymphatic vessels which absorb food molecules.

A

Submucosa

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19
Q

this layer of the GI tract is made up of skeletal and smooth (involuntary) muscle:

A

Muscularis

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20
Q

This layer of the GI tract is made up of TWO sub layers

A

Serosa

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21
Q

What are the two sublayers of the Serosa?

A

Visceral peritoneum- (outerlayer around the organs of GI)

Parietal peritoneum - lines the wall of the abdominal cavity

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22
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

fatty apron that drapes over the transverse colon and small intenstine

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23
Q

this binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall:

A

mesentery

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24
Q

What are the three pairs of salivary glands?

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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25
Q

how do salivary glands function?

A

99.5% water and .5% solutes
contain lysozomes that kill bacteria
salivary amylase begins digestions of starches
lubricate foods.

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26
Q

This accessory digestive organ is made up of skeletal muscle, maneuvers food, and forces it to the back of the mouth?

A

tounge

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27
Q

what is the fold of mucous membrane called in the midline underneath the tounge that limits the tongues posterior movement?

A

frenulum

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28
Q

Three branches of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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29
Q

which branch of the pharynx helps propel food into the esophagus via muscular contraction?

A

laryngopharynx

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30
Q

what type of tissue lines the esophagus?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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31
Q

Which of the esophagus’ sphincters is composed of skeletal muscle, and is therefore voluntary?

A

Upper Esophageal sphincter

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32
Q

three phases of swallowing?

A

Voluntary
Pharyngeal
Esophageal

33
Q

In this phase of swallowing, breathing is temporarily interrupted. Soft palate, uvula close off nasopharynx and epiglottis seals larynx.

A

Pharyngeal

34
Q

What are the muscle contractions that move food through the GI tract called?

A

peristalsis

35
Q

What is the PH range of the stomach?

A

1.5-3.5

36
Q

What is the most elastic part of the GI tract?

A

the stomach

37
Q

how many liters of food can the stomach stretch to accomadate?

A

6.4 Liters

38
Q

what are the four main regions of the stomach

A

cadia, fundus, body, and pylorus

39
Q

What type of cells are Gastric gland cells?

A

exocrine cells that excrete contents that combine to create gastric juice

40
Q

Which cells release pepsinogen?

A

Chief Cells

41
Q

What do the parietal cells excrete?

A

Hydrochloric acid (HCL) which converts pepsinogen into pepsin
and
Intrinsic Factor.

42
Q

what is secreted by the G cells in the pyloric antrum of the stomach?

A

Gastrin

43
Q

What is necessary for the absorption of B12 in the Small intesine?

A

IF

44
Q

What do we call the thick liquid with the consistency of pea soup in the stomach that is made up of gastric juices and macerated food particles:

A

Chyme

45
Q

Endocrine functions of the pancreas:

A

Islets of Langerhans made up of beta cells, which make insulin and alpha cells that make glucagon (prevents blood glucose from dropping too low)

46
Q

Exocrine functions of the pancreas:

A

Chemical digestions is achieved through secretions passing through pancreatic duct, joining common bile duct to form hepatopancreatic duct. secretions pass though the hepatopancreatic duct through the sphincter of Oddi into the duodenum.

47
Q

What is the pH of pancreatic juice?

A

71.-8.2

48
Q

what is pancreatic juice?

A

a clear, colorless liquid made up of enzymes that consist mostly of water, some salts, and sodium bicarbonate

49
Q

name some of the enzymes in pancreatic juice:

A

trypsin and chymotrypsin- protein digesting
pancreatic amylase- starch digesting
pancreatic lipase- fat digesting
ribonuclease- nucleic acid digesting

50
Q

What is the liver responsible for?

A 
metabolizing carbs, fats, and protein
processing drugs and hormones 
excretion of bilirubin 
vitamin and mineral storage
Vitamin D activation
51
Q

what is the bile pigment that is one end product of heme catabolism, responsible for the brown color in human feces:

A

stercobilin.

52
Q

What are the major functional cells of the liver that perform metabolic, secretory, and endocrine functions?

A

hepatocytes.

53
Q

What is the name for the pear shaped sac that hangs from the inferior margins of the liver?

A

the gallbladder

54
Q

What stores bile to be released into the small intestine and aids in the chemical digestion of fats, acting as an emulsifier?

A

gallbladder

55
Q

The bile produced by the liver are passed into which ducts?

A

left and right hepatic ducts.

56
Q

the bile produced by the gallbladder is secreted through which duct?

A

cystic duct

57
Q

what is the duct called where the hepatic ducts and the cystic duct converge?

A

common bile duct

58
Q

the common bile duct forms with the pancreatic duct to form __________ ?

A

the hepatopancreatic duct

59
Q

what is the muscular valve that controls the passage of contents from the hepatopancreatic duct into the duodenum?

A

Sphincter of Oddi

60
Q

what are the 3 types of endocrine cells that secrete hormones that are contained in the intestinal glands?

A

S cells
CCK cells
K cells

61
Q

These endocrine cells in the intestinal glands secrete which hormone that stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice?

A

S cells, secretin

62
Q

What is cholecystokinin and which cells secrete it?

A

regulates gastric emptying, stimulates bile and pancreatic juice secretion, relaxes sphincter of Oddi, and the feeling of satiety.
Secreted by CCK cells

63
Q

What hormone stimulates the release of insulin and which cells in the intestinal glands secret it?

A

glucose dependent insolinotropic peptide (GIP), secreted by K cells

64
Q

What part of the intestine attaches to the pyloric sphincter of the stomach?

A

Duodenum

65
Q

what is the line of demarcation between upper GI bleeds and lower GI bleeds?

A

ligament of Trietz

66
Q

where is the ligament of Trietz located?

A

connects at duodenal-jejunal flexure and secures those segments to the posterior wall.

67
Q

The predominant function of this segment of the small intestine is the absorption of sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids:

A

Jejunum

68
Q

where does Ileum attach to the large intestine?

A

ileocecal sphincter/valve

69
Q

this segment of the small intestine absorbs remaining nutrient’s, b12, and bile salts. (the bile salts are recycled into the liver and gallbladder)

A

Ileum.

70
Q

Where do most of the digestion and absorption phases of digestion occur?

A

small intestine

71
Q

Four regions of the large intestine?

A

Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Anal Canal

72
Q

what part of the large intestine does the appendix attach?

A

cecum

73
Q

how is the colon broken down?

A

ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid portions

74
Q

what connects the sigmoid to the anus?

A

Rectum

75
Q

what is the last 2-3 cm of the rectum consisting of internal (involuntary) and external (voluntary) sphincters

A

anal canal

76
Q

function of the large intestine:

A

complete absorption, complete absorption of vitamins (b and k) produced by gut bacteria. Forms feces.

77
Q

This phase of digestion involves the smell, sight, sound, or thought of food, activating neural centers in the brain stimulating salivary glands….

A

cephalic

78
Q

this phase of digestion is when gastrin is released promoting the release of gastric juice which increases the mobility of the stomach, relaxing pyloric sphincter and gastric emptying?

A

gasric

79
Q

this phase of digestion is when inhibitory effects slow gastric emptying, and excitatory effects stimulate secretion of pancreatic juices to aid in absorption and digestion?

A

intestinal

gastrointestinal (28 decks)

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