Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Patho > Stroke > Flashcards

Stroke Flashcards

1
Q

Long term effects of stroke

A

Hemiparesis

Complete or partial dependence for ADLs

Inability to walk

Aphasia

Depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Stroke Risk Factors. Non-Modifiable

A

Age (doubles after 55)

More common in men but more women die

Higher in African Americans

Family History

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Risk Factors Modifiable

A

Hypertension
Heart disease
Cholesterol
Smoking
Excess alcohol consumption
Obesity
Sleep apnea
Metabolic syndrome
Lack of exercise
Poor diet (high fat/low produce)
Drug abuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Conditions Associated with Stroke

A

A-fib
Cardiac valve abnormalities
Diabetes melitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is TIA

A

Transient episode of neuro dysfunction caused by focal brain, spinal cord, or renal is chemistry but no brain infarction

Warning sign! Medical Emergency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How long is TIA

A

Usually less than 1 hour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ischemic Stroke

A

Inadequate blood flow to brain bc partial or complete occlusion of artery

TIA usually precursor

Can be thrombotic or embolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Thrombotic Stroke causes

A

Injury to blood vessel wall & blood clot formation

Result of thrombosis or narrowing of vessel

2/3 associated with HTN & DM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Embolic Stroke

A

Embolism lodges in cerebral artery

Rapid occurrence of clinical manifestations

Sudden

Complaint of headache

Recurrence is common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke

A

Bleeding into brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Intracerebral hemorrhage

A

Bleeding within brain

Sudden onset

Quick progression

Poor prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Intracerebral hemorrhage causes

A

Hypertension most common cause

Vascular malformation

Coagulation disorder

Anticoagulant & thrombolytic drugs

Trauma

Tumors

Aneurysm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke S/S

A

Neuro deficits

Headache

Nausea/vomiting

Decreased LOC

Hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cerebral Aneurysm

A

Not painful

Often suffer significant complications and deficits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Neuro Manifestations

A

Motor activity

Bowl and bladder function

Intellectual function

Spacial perceptual alterations

Personality changes

Swallowing

Communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Right Brain Stroke

A

Left side effected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Diagnostic Studies

A

Non-contrast CT

MRI (rule out lesions)

Cerebral angiography

LP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ischemic Stroke

A

An area of the brain undergoes ischemia and infarction. Two main etiologies: (1) A thromboembolism commonly causes obstruction of a branch of a cerebral artery. Usually, a piece of arteriosclerotic plaque breaks away from an area of carotid artery stenosis and travels up to a branch of the middle cerebral artery. (2) The left atrium undergoes atrial fibrillation with stasis of blood and clot formation. The clot travels from the left atrium into the left ventricle, into the aorta, and upward into the carotid artery into a cerebral artery. Alternatively, an arteriosclerotic cerebral artery causes tissue ischemia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ischemic Stroke s/s

A

Motor and sensory loss is evident on the opposite side of the body than the cerebral hemisphere undergoing the ischemia. Hemiparesis (weakness) or hemiplegia (paralysis) is observed.

If the left hemisphere undergoes ischemia, most of those affected will suffer aphasia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ischemic Stroke assessment

A

Hemiparesis or hemiplegia of limbs is observed on the opposite side of the cerebral hemisphere affected.

Sensation is diminished on one side of the body.

Speech problems are evident if the cerebral ischemia is of the left hemisphere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ischemic Stroke diagnostics

A

CT scan without contrast or MRI demonstrates area of injury.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ischemic Stroke treatment

A

Thrombolytic is administered if the ischemic stroke began less than 4.5 hours ago and the patient is eligible.

Aspirin is given with anticoagulants to prevent further damage.

Some patients are eligible for surgical thrombectomy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Lacunar Infarct

A

Small blood vessel infarction associated with hypertension.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Lacunar Infarct s/s

A

No symptoms or evidence of neurological changes are present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Lacunar Infarct assessment

A

No symptoms or evidence of neurological changes are evident.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Lacunar Infarct diagnostic

A

CT scan or MRI demonstrates small area of infarction.

28
Q

Lacunar Infarct treatment

A

Aspirin or anticoagulant therapy is used to prevent further injury.

29
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack

A

Ischemia of the brain that is caused by the same etiologies as ischemic stroke: thromboembolism from carotid stenosis or atrial fibrillation. Ischemia of the brain is caused by a thromboembolus that dissolves within 24 hours. The ischemia is reversible after the thrombus dissolves.

30
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack s/s

A

Motor and sensory loss is evident on the opposite side of the body than the cerebral hemisphere undergoing the ischemia. Hemiparesis (weakness) or hemiplegia (paralysis) is observed.

If the left hemisphere undergoes ischemia, most of those affected will suffer aphasia.

31
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack assessment

A

Hemiparesis or hemiplegia of limbs is evident on the opposite side of the cerebral hemisphere affected.

Loss of sensation on one side of body.

Speech problems are evident if cerebral ischemia is of the left hemisphere.

Gradually improving neurological examination Neurological examination is back to normal within 24 hours, with no remaining neurological deficits.

32
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack diagnostics

A

CT scan or MRI may not be helpful if ischemia area has resolved.

Electrocardiogram.

Carotid artery CT scan

33
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack treatment

A

Aspirin or anticoagulant therapy is used to prevent recurrence.

Carotid stenosis surgery, called endarterectomy, or treatment of atrial fibrillation may be done to prevent recurrence.

34
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke

A

Cerebral artery rupture occurs, which causes a large amount of blood to compress the brain tissue and cause brain death. Subarachnoid hemorrhage is one type of hemorrhagic stroke.

35
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke s/s

A

Motor and sensory loss is evident on the opposite side of the body than the cerebral hemisphere undergoing the hemorrhage. Hemiparesis (weakness) or hemiplegia (paralysis) is observed.

If the left hemisphere undergoes hemorrhage, most of those affected will suffer aphasia.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage causes severe headache with changing level of consciousness.

36
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke assessment

A

Sudden onset. Elevated blood pressure. Rapid deterioration of cognitive function.

Motor and sensory loss on opposite side of the affected cerebral hemisphere.

If the left hemisphere undergoes hemorrhage, most of those affected will suffer aphasia.

37
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke diagnostics

A

CT scan or MRI demonstrates specific area of bleeding in the brain.

Over the following day, CT scans are done to evaluate bleeding into the brain.

38
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke treatment

A

Supportive care.

Decrease cerebral edema with IV mannitol or hypertonic saline.

Patient may need intubation and mechanical ventilation.

Neurosurgery may be possible in some patients.

39
Q

Most common cerebral artery affected by stroke:

A

middle cerebral artery

40
Q

_______ increases the risk of ischemic stroke.

A

left atrial fibrillation

41
Q

What is a possible cause of ischemia of the cerebellum?

A

vertebral-basilar arterial insufficiency

42
Q

What is a common cause of hemorrhagic stroke?

A

rupture of cerebral aneurysm or AVM

43
Q

Common signs of stroke:

A

one-sided weakness, loss of sensation of one extremity, facial droop, slurring of speech

44
Q

What is can be used to dissolve a thrombus in pt with ischemic stroke?

A

rt-PA, must meet criterial and a 4.5 hr time frame

45
Q

Risk Factor for Stroke

A
  • Hypertension
  • Tobacco use
  • Diet high in salt, fat, and calories
  • Excess alcohol use
  • Hyperlipidemia
  • Heart disorders (particularly disorders that increase formation of clots; myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation; infective endocarditis)
  • Uncontrolled diabetes
  • Obesity (particularly abdominal obesity)
  • Previous stroke or TIA
  • Use of cocaine or amphetamines
  • Bleeding disorders (hemorrhagic stroke risk factor)
  • Coagulation disorder (ischemic stroke risk factor)
  • Vasculitis/amyloid vasculopathy (hemorrhagic stroke)
  • Arteriovenous malformation (hemorrhagic stroke risk factor)
  • Cerebral aneurysm (hemorrhagic stroke risk factor)
  • Sickle cell disease (increases risk of ischemic stroke that mainly affects African Americans; ischemic stroke can occur if sickle cells cause vaso-occlusive crisis in an artery supplying blood flow to the brain)
  • Physical inactivity
  • Oral contraceptives (estrogenic component of oral contraceptives increase risk of clot formation)
  • Family history of stroke
  • Age (stroke risk increases with age)
  • Race and ethnicity (African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and American Indian/Alaska Natives have a greater chance of having a stroke than do non-Hispanic Caucasians or Asian Americans)
46
Q

3 common causes of thrombus (blood clot) that causes ischemic stroke

A

arteriosclerosis of a cerebral artery
A-Fib
carotid stenosis

47
Q

How do thromi form?

A

arise from arteriosclerotic plaque

48
Q

Major predisposing factors for hemorrhagic stroke?

A

hypertension
oral anticoagulation
cerebral aneurysm

49
Q

Thrombolytic Contraindications in Ischemic Stroke

A

Generally, thrombolytic drugs will not be given if the patient has:

  • Recent head injury
  • Bleeding problems
  • Bleeding ulcers
  • Pregnancy
  • Recent surgery
  • Been taking anticoagulant medications
  • Trauma
  • Uncontrolled high blood pressure
50
Q

What are the 3 symptom types of peripheral neuropathy?

A

motor
sensory and pain
autonomic

51
Q

What are the motor symptoms of neuropathy?

A

muscle weakness and paralysis
muscle atrophy
uncontrolled muscle movements

52
Q

What are the sensory symptoms of neuropathy?

A

tingling
numbness
imbalance and clumsiness
pain

53
Q

What are the autonomic symptoms of neuropathy?

A

blood pressure change (orthostatic), sweating too much or too little, bowel and bladder problems, sexual dysfunction, skin color changes, swelling, changes in the pupils and blurry vision

54
Q

What are 3 types of intracranial bleeds

A

Epidural hematoma (EDH), subdural hematoma (SDH), or subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)

55
Q

Epidural hematoma (EDH):

A

a bleed in the space below the skull bone and above the dura mater

56
Q

What does positive Babinski sign mean in adult?

A

upper neuron cortical dysfunction

57
Q

Subdural Hematoma (SDH)

A

a bleed in the area below the skill bone and above the dura. SDH is caused by bleeding that accumulates in the space between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane

58
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Progressive loss of dopamine-producing cells, especially in the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia that modulates movement and posture.

59
Q

Parkinson’s Disease s/s

A

Clinical signs TRAP: Tremor at rest, Rigidity, Akinesia or bradykinesia, and Postural/gait instability.

60
Q

Parkinson’s Disease assessment

A

Stiff posture, muscle stiffness, blank expression, gait disturbances, and resting tremor.

“Freezing” episodes where individual cannot initiate movement; micrographia, slowed movements, depression, cognitive disturbance.

Autonomic disturbances.

61
Q

Parkinson’s Disease diagnostics

A

Diagnosis mainly based on symptoms.

Normal laboratory tests and imaging studies.

Genetic susceptibility and current research regarding accumulation of mutated protein in brain.

Significant symptom improvement with trial of levodopa indicates Parkinson’s disease.

62
Q

Parkinson’s Disease treatment

A

Levodopa–carbidopa medications to replace dopamine in the brain and decrease peripheral effects of dopamine.

Dopamine agonists.

Catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitors to decrease breakdown of dopamine.

Anticholinergic drugs to balance acetylcholine effects.

63
Q

ALS

A

Progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a loss of upper and lower motor neurons.

64
Q

S/S Myasthenia Gravis

A

Drooping eyelid
double vision
episodes of muscle weakness

65
Q
A

Patho (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions