Renal System

Question 1

What is prehepatic jaundice

Answer 1

excessive hemolysis resulting in more bilirubin than liver can conjugate

Question 2

What is intrahepatic jaundice?

Answer 2

direct injury to hepatocytes resulting in bili not being conjugated

Question 3

What is posthepatic jaundice?

Answer 3

bile duct obstruction resulting in conjugated bilirubin building up in the blood

Question 4

What is cholestasis?

Answer 4

significant reduction in bile secretion and flow.

Question 5

What is intrahepatic cholestasis?

Answer 5

result of diseased hepatocytes or hepatic bile ducts

Question 6

What is extrahepatic cholestasis?

Answer 6

result of duct obstruction outside of the liver (gallstones or pancreatic tumor)

Question 7

What is biliary sludge?

Answer 7

Result of bile stasis. Increases likelihood of precipitation.

Question 8

What is choledocholithiasis?

Answer 8

when bile flow is obstructed by a gallstone in the common bile duct

Question 9

What can choledocholithiasis lead to?

Answer 9

acute pancreatitis

Question 10

nephrolithiasis

Answer 10

kidney stone

Question 11

ureterolithiasis

Answer 11

ureter stone

Question 12

cystolithiasis

Answer 12

bladder stone

Question 13

What leads to stone formation?

Answer 13

urine saturated with salts (calcium, struvite, uric acid, cystine)

urine stasis

Question 14

Natural defenses against lower urinary tract infections:

Answer 14

free flow of urine
secretion of IgA
naturally HIGH omolarity
urea and organic acids

Question 15

What is the most common type of cladder cancer?

Answer 15

Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC)
begins in the bladder and grows into the wall where it can begin to metastasize

Question 16

Most common form of kidney cancer:

Answer 16

Renal cell carcinoma

Question 17

Causes of renal cell carcinoma?

Answer 17

smoking
long tern use of pain meds
obesity
high blood pressure
family history

Question 18

Stage I renal cell carcinoma:

Answer 18

tumor is 7cm or less, no metastasis

Question 19

Stage II renal cell carcinoma:

Answer 19

tumor larger than 7cm, no metastasis

Question 20

Stage III renal cell carcinoma

Answer 20

any size tumor and lymph node, blood vessel or near kidney involvement

Question 21

Stage IV renal cell carcinoma

Answer 21

spread beyond fatty tissue around kidney and other parts of the body

Question 22

Risk factors for chronic renal failure:

Answer 22

diabetes
hypertension
glomerulonephritis
PKD

Question 23

What happens to GFR in chronic renal filure:

Answer 23

it decreases

Question 24

What are 3 problems associated with ESRD?

Answer 24

uremic frost (high urea)
hypertension (elevated renin)
anemia (lock of EPO)