Renal System Flashcards
What is prehepatic jaundice
excessive hemolysis resulting in more bilirubin than liver can conjugate
What is intrahepatic jaundice?
direct injury to hepatocytes resulting in bili not being conjugated
What is posthepatic jaundice?
bile duct obstruction resulting in conjugated bilirubin building up in the blood
What is cholestasis?
significant reduction in bile secretion and flow.
What is intrahepatic cholestasis?
result of diseased hepatocytes or hepatic bile ducts
What is extrahepatic cholestasis?
result of duct obstruction outside of the liver (gallstones or pancreatic tumor)
What is biliary sludge?
Result of bile stasis. Increases likelihood of precipitation.
What is choledocholithiasis?
when bile flow is obstructed by a gallstone in the common bile duct
What can choledocholithiasis lead to?
acute pancreatitis
nephrolithiasis
kidney stone
ureterolithiasis
ureter stone
cystolithiasis
bladder stone
What leads to stone formation?
urine saturated with salts (calcium, struvite, uric acid, cystine)
urine stasis
Natural defenses against lower urinary tract infections:
free flow of urine
secretion of IgA
naturally HIGH omolarity
urea and organic acids
What is the most common type of cladder cancer?
Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC)
begins in the bladder and grows into the wall where it can begin to metastasize
Most common form of kidney cancer:
Renal cell carcinoma
Causes of renal cell carcinoma?
smoking
long tern use of pain meds
obesity
high blood pressure
family history
Stage I renal cell carcinoma:
tumor is 7cm or less, no metastasis
Stage II renal cell carcinoma:
tumor larger than 7cm, no metastasis
Stage III renal cell carcinoma
any size tumor and lymph node, blood vessel or near kidney involvement
Stage IV renal cell carcinoma
spread beyond fatty tissue around kidney and other parts of the body
Risk factors for chronic renal failure:
diabetes
hypertension
glomerulonephritis
PKD
What happens to GFR in chronic renal filure:
it decreases
What are 3 problems associated with ESRD?
uremic frost (high urea)
hypertension (elevated renin)
anemia (lock of EPO)
