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Patho > Integumentary > Flashcards

Integumentary Flashcards

1
Q

What is the appearance of basal cell carcinoma?

A

Slow-growing
Dome shaped
Shiny/translucent/pearly

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2
Q

Malignant melanoma assessment

A

Description and comprehensive skin history reveal sun exposure and change of the lesion’s appearance in its symmetry, diameter, color, or border.

Melanoma ABCDE rules:

A: Asymmetry

B: Irregular border

C: Variable color

D: Diameter

E: Evolving

The general skin examination shows evidence of sun exposure.

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3
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Presents as red, scaly, slightly elevated lesions with irregular borders.

Lesion often appears on face or lips, or can be an oral lesion inside the mouth or on the tongue. Sun-exposed areas are the most common regions of SCC.

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4
Q

Actinic keratosis

A
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5
Q

Bulla

A

large blister (larger than 0.5cm in diameter)

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6
Q

Vitiligo

A

a series of discolored patches on the skin Appearing suddenly, these patches present as macules of varying sizes with smooth borders. Vitiligo often occurs with hypothyroidism or other autoimmune diseases.

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7
Q

What are the 7 functions of the skin?

A

Temperature regulation
Barrier Protection
Excretion and Absorption
Vitamin D Production
Immunological Surveillance
Mirror for Internal disease processes
Indicator of General Health

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8
Q

Melasma (chloasma)

A

commonly occurs during pregnancy and in women who use oral contraceptives

characterized by the appearance of dark macules on the face. More common in brown-skinned women

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9
Q

xerosis

A

dry skin, rough, scaly, and wrinkled

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10
Q

Eczema (atopic dermatitis)

A

Infantile form: Vesicle formation, oozing, and crusting with excoriation that begins on the cheeks and spreads to the scalp, arms, trunk, and legs; often disappears by the age of 5

often have family histories of asthma or hay fever

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11
Q

Contact dermatitis

A

delayed hypersensitivity to materials such as metals, chemicals, drugs, and poison ivy. The condition affects the head, neck, trunk, arms, hands, abdomen, groin, and lower extremities. This allergic skin reaction usually occurs days after the skin contact with the allergen. Emollients and topical anti-inflammatory medication are standard therapy.

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12
Q

Urticaria (hives)

A

elevated, pink or red, itchy blotches or plaques of varying size

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13
Q

angioedema

A

swelling of the eyes, face, lips, and mucous membranes

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14
Q

Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS)

A

cancer that develops within blood and lymphatic vessels. Tumors appear as purple-colored, painless, irregularly shaped lesions on the skin of the face, trunk, and extremities. These blood vessel tumors can also occur within organs such as the lungs and digestive tract. The underlying cause of KS is infection with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). Immunosuppressed individuals are at increased risk for this disorder, particularly those with HIV infection and those who have had organ transplantation.

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15
Q
A

Arises from the melanocytes. Differ in size and shape and may arise from dysplastic nevi or new molelike growths. Slightly raised and brown or black in color. Can appear anywhere on the body and may be slowly or rapidly growing.

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16
Q

Malignant Melanoma s/s

A

Patient presents with a lesion that has changed in size, shape, and appearance.

Lesion is usually asymptomatic, but occasionally pruritus is observed.

Cosmetic concerns about appearance of the lesion are frequent.

Skin cancers may appear suddenly or develop over time.

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17
Q

Malignant Melanoma assessment

A

Description and comprehensive skin history reveal sun exposure and change of the lesion’s appearance in its symmetry, diameter, color, or border.

Melanoma ABCDE rules:

A: Asymmetry

B: Irregular border

C: Variable color

D: Diameter

E: Evolving

The general skin examination shows evidence of sun exposure.

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18
Q

Malignant Melanoma diagnostics

A

Biopsy, with assessment of spread of disease if the biopsy is positive.

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19
Q

Malignant Melanoma treatment

A

Surgery with a wide excision.

Cryosurgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.

Yearly skin checkup by a dermatologist.

Monthly skin self-assessment by patient.

Advice about protection from sun rays.

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20
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma

A

Arises from the nonkeratinizing cells of the basal layer of the epidermis. It is nonmetastasizing.

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21
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma s/s

A

Lesion often appears on the face, particularly the nose.

Sun-exposed areas are the most common regions of basal cell carcinoma.

22
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma assessment

A

Begins as a nodular-cystic, small, pearly, flesh-colored, smooth nodule that enlarges over time.

23
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma diagnostics

A

biopsy

24
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma treatment

A

urgery to remove lesion—often needs a very deep excision.

25
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)

A

A more serious epidermal cancer that is aggressive, invasive, and often develops from actinic keratosis.

26
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) s/s

A

Lesion often appears on face or lips, or can be an oral lesion inside the mouth or on the tongue. Sun-exposed areas are the most common regions of SCC.

27
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) assessment

A

Presents as red, scaly, slightly elevated lesions with irregular borders.

28
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) diagnosis

A

biopsy

29
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) treatment

A

Surgery to remove lesion.

Radiation or chemotherapy may be necessary.

30
Q

Rule of nines

A

a rapid method used during the prehospital and emergent phase of care. The body is divided into regions that present 9%, or multiples of nine, with the exception of the perineum, which is 1% of BSA. The face and back of the head are 4.5% each, so the entire head is 9%. The anterior and posterior portion of the arm is 9%, and the total for each leg is 18%.

The rule of nines is fairly accurate for adults; however, for children it must be modified because of the differences in BSA between an adult and child.

31
Q

Minor burn

A

A partial-thickness burn of less than 15% TBSA in adults and less than 10% TBSA in children

  • A full-thickness burn of less than 2% TBSA not involving special care areas, such as the eyes, ears, face, hands, feet, perineum, or joints
32
Q

Moderate burn

A
  • A partial-thickness burn of 15% to 25% TBSA in adults or 10% to 20% in children
  • A full-thickness burn of less than 10% TBSA not involving special care areas
33
Q

Major burn

A
  • A partial-thickness burn exceeding 25% TBSA in adults or 20% in children
  • All full-thickness burns exceeding 10% TBSA
  • All burns involving the eyes, ears, face, hands, feet, perineum, and/or joints
  • All burns involving inhalation injury, electrical injury, concurrent trauma, and poor-risk patients
34
Q

Superficial Burns

A

Injury is limited to the outermost layer of the skin (epidermis). Tissue damage is minimal; the protective barrier is not impaired. Overexposure to the sun is the most common cause of injury.

35
Q

Superficial Burns s/s

A

Painful erythema of the skin. Extremely tender to the touch.

36
Q

Superficial Burns assessment

A

Skin is tender and appears pink, red, and dry.

Blisters common.

Peeling skin.

No break in the epidermal layer of the skin.

37
Q

Superficial Burns treatment

A

Treatment limited to analgesics and moisturizers.

The area heals within 3 to 5 days, with no scarring.

38
Q

Superficial Partial-Thickness Burns

A

The injury involves the epidermis and limited dermis. The protective barrier is impaired, causing heat and fluid loss. Scalds or brief contact with hot objects is the usual cause of injury.

39
Q

Superficial Partial-Thickness Burns s/s

A

Painful redness of the skin and exposure of dermal tissue beneath the epidermis.

Blisters.

40
Q

Superficial Partial-Thickness Burns assessment

A

Skin is bright red, pearl-pink, painful, wet, or blistered.

Dermis is exposed.

Extremely tender.

41
Q

Superficial Partial-Thickness Burns diagnostics

A

Depending on how much BSA is involved, CBC, electrolytes, urinalysis, arterial blood gas, CPK, and carboxyhemoglobin level may be needed.

If infection occurs, one may need to culture the exudate.

42
Q

Superficial Partial-Thickness Burns treatment

A

Topical agents used on the wound area.

Débridement.

Skin grafting may be needed.

Burn heals in 10 days to 2 weeks.

Monitor for infection.

Tetanus booster.

Depending on how much of the body is involved, IV fluids may be needed.

Antibiotic treatment may be needed.

Pain control.

43
Q

Deep Partial-Thickness Burn

A

Injury involves the epidermis and most of the dermis. Wound is not painful, as the nerve endings are destroyed.

44
Q

Deep Partial-Thickness Burn s/s

A

Deep area of exposed tissue.

The area appears dry, pale, or whitish-yellow in color.

May be nontender if nerves are destroyed.

45
Q

Deep Partial-Thickness Burn assessment

A

Deep area of exposed tissue.

The area appears dry, pale, or whitish-yellow in color.

May be nontender if nerves are destroyed.

46
Q

Deep Partial-Thickness Burn diagnosis

A

Depending on how much surface area is involved, CBC, electrolytes, urinalysis, BUN, serum creatinine, arterial blood gas, CPK, and carboxyhemoglobin level may be needed.

Increased risk for infection.

If infection occurs, may need to culture the exudate.

47
Q

Deep Partial-Thickness Burn treatment

A

Topical agents on wound area.

Healing occurs within 3 to 5 weeks.

Débridement.

Skin grafting may be necessary for injuries within the deeper layers of the dermis.

Pain control.

Tetanus booster.

IV fluids or enteral feedings may be needed, depending on surface area involved.

Antibiotic treatment may be needed.

48
Q

Full-Thickness Burns

A

Injury involves the entire epidermis, dermis, and underlying subcutaneous tissues. Common causes are direct contact with flames, hot liquids, or steam. Fluid and heat loss are related to the loss of the protective layer.

49
Q

Full-Thickness Burns s/s

A

Acutely, the layers beneath the epidermis and dermis are totally exposed.

Red, raw-appearing wound.

No pain sensed.

50
Q

Full-Thickness Burns assessment

A

Skin exhibits a dry, leathery, and white or yellow color that does not blanch with pressure, which indicates it is avascular.

Nontender because nerves are destroyed.

51
Q

Full-Thickness Burns diagnosis

A

CBC, electrolytes, urinalysis, BUN, serum creatinine, arterial blood gas, CPK, and carboxyhemoglobin level.

There is an increased risk for infection.

Culture of exudate may be needed.

52
Q

Full-Thickness Burns treatment

A

Patho (14 decks)

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