Lesson 3 Flashcards
When do strains occur?
occurs when muscles or tendons are pulled, small blood vessels tear, and nerve endings are irritated; may present with edema
When does a sprain occur?
occur when ligaments, the connective tissue linking bones together, are stretched and overextended; may present with edema
Cause of Sprain
a sudden contraction, sudden torsion, severe direct blows, or a forceful straightening from a crouched position.
When do sprains and strains occur?
Sprain and strain commonly occur when there is lateral bending with flexion-extension or axial rotation with lateral bending of the lumbar spine.
Grade I Sprain
mild injuries where there is no tearing of the ligament and no lost joint function, although there may be tenderness and slight swelling.
Grade II Sprain
caused by a partial tear in the ligament, these sprains are characterized by obvious swelling, extensive bruising, pain, difficulty bearing weight, and reduced function of the joint.
Grade III Sprain
caused by complete tearing of the ligament where there is severe pain, loss of joint function, widespread swelling and bruising, and the inability to bear weight; have symptoms similar to those of bone fractures.
Symptoms of Strain
Pain, weakness, limited range of motion, and muscle spasm
Closed (Complete) Fracture
A fracture in which bone fragments separate completely, are not displaced, and remain beneath overlying tissue.
Incomplete Fracture
A fracture in which the bone fragments are still partially joined
Open (Compound) Fracture
A fracture of bone that protrudes to the outside of the body
Compression Fraction
A fracture that consists of the crushing of cancellous bone
Transverse Fracture
A fracture where parts of the bone are separated but close to each other
Comminuted Fracture
A fracture with more than one fracture line and more than two bone fragments that may be shattered or crushed
Spiral Fracture
A twisting force to the thigh causes a fracture line that encircles the shaft
Stress Fracture
A failure of one cortical surface of the bone, often caused by repetitive activity
Avulsion
Separation of a small fragment of bone at the site of attachment of a ligament or tendon
Impacted Fracture
A fracture in which one part of the fracture is compressed into an adjacent part of the fracture
Greenstick Fracture
An incomplete break in the bone with the intact side of the cortex flexed (one side is broken and the other is bent); usually seen in children
Contractile tissue
he structures involved in muscle contraction: the muscle belly, bony insertion, and tendon.
Inert Tissue
plays a supportive role in muscle functioning. Inert tissue includes the joint capsules, ligaments, bursae, fasciae, dura mater, and nerve roots
Clinical S/S: inert tissue injury
passive stretching provokes pain; may also be swelling and erythema, joint instability, weakness, limited motion, and diminished deep tendon reflexes present.
5 Bone Healing Stages
- Fracture and inflammatory phase
- Granulation tissue formation
- Callus formation
- Lamellar bone deposition
- Remodeling
Where do sprains commonly occur?
Around the joints
