Stress Part 1

Question 1

Stress

Answer 1

Negative emotional experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological, cognitive and behavioral changes

Question 2

Stressors

Answer 2

Events that cause stress

Question 3

Identify which of the following is internal and which is external?

Stress
Stressors

Answer 3

Stress = internal

Stressors = external

Question 4

Primary appraisal

Answer 4

Understanding what an event is and what it will mean

Events are appraised for their harm, threat, or challenge

Question 5

Secondary appraisal

Answer 5

Assessing whether personal resources are sufficient to meet the demands of the environment

Question 6

Fight-or-flight response

Definition ?

Which biological systems are activated ?

Answer 6

Body is energized and motivated via the sympathetic nervous system and endocrine system when a threat is perceived

Question 7

Fight-or-flight response

Result?

Advantage?

Disadvantage?

Answer 7

Results in mobilizing an organism to attack the threat or to flee

Advantage : adaptive

Disadvantage: can be harmful in the long run

Question 8

General adaptation syndrome (3 stages)

Answer 8

Alarm

Resistance

Exhaustion

Question 9

Alarm

Answer 9

Person becomes mobilized to meet the threat

Question 10

Resistance

Answer 10

Effort to cope with threat through confrontation

Question 11

Exhaustion

Answer 11

Failure to overcome threat and depletes its physiological resources in the process of trying

Question 12

Tend-and-befriend theory

Answer 12

People and animals respond to stress with:

• social affiliation
• nurturant behavior toward offspring

Question 13

Which hormone is involved in tend-and-befriend responses?

Answer 13

Neuropeptide oxytocin (love hormone )

Question 14

HPA Axis

Which hormones are involved ?
Which glands secrete them ?

Answer 14

Hormones:

• corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)
• adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
• glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Glands :

• pituitary
• adrenal

Question 15

Hypercortisolism (Cushing’s Syndrome)

Answer 15

Stress causes the redistribution of fat from one part of the body to another

Cause by high cortisol

Question 16

Hypocortisolism (Addison’s disease)

Answer 16

Due to low cortisol

Adrenal glands don’t produce enough hormones

Question 17

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 17

Activated during the fight-or-flight response

Stimulates the medulla of the adrenal glands

Question 18

Sympathetic nervous system examples ?

Answer 18

Pupil dilation
Accelerated heart beat
Decreases salvation
Secretion by sweat glands

Question 19

Four pathways through which stress is thought to cause illness?

Answer 19

Direct physiological effects
Health behavior changes
Psychosocial resources
Health care

Question 20

Acute stress

Answer 20

Discrete event that is time-limited and has negative valence

Ex: exams, cold

Question 21

Chronic stress

Answer 21

Ongoing stressful conditions , with no clear onset or offset

Typically long lasting

Ex: depression, cancer

Question 22

Effects of chronic stress on the brain ?

Answer 22

Hippocampus - Learning, memory, stress control cortisol can make your brain shrink

Question 23

Allostatic load

Definition ?

Answer 23

Physiological costs of chronic exposure to the physiological changes from repeated or chronic stress

Question 24

What is also known as “wear-and-tear” on the body due to chronic stress ?

Answer 24

Allostatic load

Question 25

Examples of measures of allostatic load ?

Answer 25

Elevated blood pressure
Elevated epinephrine levels
Lowered heart rate variability
Inability to shut off cortisol in response to stress