Stress, Emotion, and Coping

Question 1

What is The Stress Process?

3

Answer 1

The stress process is complex and includes:
1. Appraisal of demands
2. Coping responses
3. Stress response

Question 2

What is Stress?

Answer 2

an experience produced through a person- situation relationship that is perceived as taxing or exceeding the athlete’s resources

Question 3

What are Stressors?

Answer 3

… a demand made on the individual (event, situation) which is appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding their resources

Question 4

What are Sources of Stress in Sport?

five-give examples of each

Answer 4

1. Psychological concerns: fear of failure
2. Physical concerns: injury, fatigue
3. Social concerns: teammates, family
4. Environmental concerns: weather, travel
5. Career and life concerns: financial, balance

Question 5

What is the difference between Acute & Chronic Stress?

Answer 5

• Acute Stress occurs over a short period of time, onset is sudden
• Chronic Stress occurs over a long period of time

Question 6

What are Expected stressors?

Answer 6

Expected stressors are those we can anticipate and prepare for

Question 7

What are Unexpected Stressors?

Answer 7

not anticipated and we cannot plan for them

generally perceived as more stressful than expected stressors

Question 8

What is Primary Appraisal?

Answer 8

– Evaluation of ‘what is at stake’ for the athlete
– Influenced by goals, values

Question 9

What is Secondary Appraisal?

Answer 9

Evaluation of ‘what can be done’ by the athlete

Question 10

What is Harm/Loss Appraisal?

Answer 10

Appraisal of psychological damage and loss that has already occurred

Question 11

What is Threat Appraisal?

Answer 11

Anticipating harm that may or is likely to occur

Question 12

What is Challenge Appraisal?

Answer 12

Although there are obstacles in the way they can be overcome & there are benefits to succeeding in difficult situations

Question 13

Appraisal Processes Summary

Answer 13

Question 14

Theory of Threat & Challenge States

Answer 14

Question 15

What are Emotions?

Answer 15

• Emotions are a response to an event
  – Quick onset
  – Short duration
  – Common cognitive appraisal
  – Distinctive physiological patterns
  – Distinctive subjective feeling
• The way in which an individual appraises a situation will influence the emotions they experience

Question 16

What are the Core Negative Emotions?

8

Answer 16

• Anger
• Anxiety
• Shame
• Fright
• Guilt
• Sadness
• Envy
• Jealousy

Question 17

What are the Core Positive Emotions?

7

Answer 17

• Hope
• Relief
• Happiness
• Pride
• Love
• Gratitude
• Compassion

Question 18

What is Coping?

Answer 18

… an ongoing dynamic process which includes conscious and deliberate cognitive, behavioural, and affective efforts undertaken in order to manage appraised demands (stressors)

• Management skills

Question 19

What are Coping Strategies?

Answer 19

Many different ways of classifying coping:
Micro versus Macro approaches
– Problem-focused coping
– Emotion-focused coping
– Avoidance coping
– Task-oriented coping
– Disengagement coping
– Distraction-oriented coping

Question 20

What are Micro Coping Strategies?

Answer 20

– Problem-focused coping
– Emotion-focused coping
– Avoidance coping

Question 21

Micro Coping

What is Problem-Focused Coping?

Answer 21

Efforts directed at changing the transaction

Question 22

Micro Coping

What is Emotion-Focused Coping?

Answer 22

Efforts directed at changing the emotional response without changing the transaction

Question 23

Micro Coping

What is Avoidance?

Answer 23

Disengaging mentally or physically

Question 24

What are Macro Coping Strategies?

3

Answer 24

– Task-oriented coping
– Disengagement coping
– Distraction-oriented coping

Question 25

# Macro Coping What is Task-oriented coping (engagement coping)?

Answer 25

Thought control, relaxation, increase effort

Question 26

# Macro Coping What is Disengagement coping?

Answer 26

Venting, withdrawal

Question 27

# Macro Coping What is Distraction-oriented coping?

Answer 27

Distancing and mental distraction; think about other things

Question 28

What are Coping Strategies of Task-Oriented Coping? | 6

Answer 28

Question 29

What are Coping Strategies of Distraction-Oriented Coping?

Answer 29

Question 30

What are Coping Strategies of Disengagement-Oriented Coping?

Answer 30

Question 31

What is Coping effectiveness?

Answer 31

not the same as coping! subjective assessment that coping efforts worked to deal with the stressor or to manage one’s response to the stressor

Question 32

What is Adaptive Coping?

Answer 32

Adaptive coping is typically associated with problem-focused, approach-type strategies

Question 33

What is Maladative Coping?

Answer 33

Maladaptive coping is typically associated with avoidance or disengagement-type coping strategies

Question 34

What are Strategies for Improving Coping?

Answer 34

* Before improving coping, athletes need to become aware of the types of strategies they use to cope with stressors * Training log/journal * Identifying what worked as a coping strategy and why (reflection) * Anticipating future stressors and planning coping strategies (proactive coping)

Question 35

What is proactive coping?

Answer 35

Anticipating future stressors and planning coping strategies

Question 36

Strategies for Improving Coping: Expressive Writing

Answer 36

Write your very deepest thoughts and feelings about a stressful sport experience or an extremely important emotional issue that has affected you and your sport. In your writing, I’d like you to really let go and explore your deepest emotions and thoughts. You might tie your topic to your relationships with others, including parents, coaches, friends or teammates; to your past, your present or your future; or to whom you have been, who you would like to be or who you are now. Nobody will see what you write – it is only for your eyes. Don’t worry about spelling, grammar, or sentence structure. The only rule is that you write for 5 minutes.

Question 37

What is Emotion Regulation?

Answer 37

Process by which individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express these emotions

Question 38

# Emotion Regulation & Coping Strategies What is Situation selection?

Answer 38

Take actions to be in a situation that promotes the desired emotiom

Question 39

# Emotion Regulation & Coping Strategies What is Situation modification?

Answer 39

Tries to influence the situation directly

Question 40

# Emotion Regulation & Coping Strategies What is Attentional deployment?

Answer 40

Directs attention towards or away from a situation

Question 41

# Emotion Regulation & Coping Strategies What is Cognitive change?

Answer 41

Changing the emotional significance of the event by changing how one thinks about the event

Question 42

# Emotion Regulation & Coping Strategies What is Response modulation?

Answer 42

Individual’s physiological, experiential, or behavioural responses to try to regulate emotions

Question 43

What is the **KEY** to Coping?

Answer 43

Key: Increasing reflection and self-awareness about your own coping