Personality Flashcards
What is Personality?
The overall organization of psychological characteristics, thinking, feeling, and behaving –
that differentiates us from others and leads us to act consistently across time and situations
What is Disposition?
In psychology, disposition often refers to a person’s natural tendencies, inclinations, or attitudes towards certain situations or behaviors.
What is a Trait?
A relatively stable characteristic or quality that may represent a portion of one’s personality
Compare Traits versus States:
What is the Trait Approach to Personality?
What are The ‘Big Five’ in the Trait Model of Personality?
What are the Characteristics of Someone who has:
“Openness to Experience”
High Curiosity, Originality, need for Variety
Adaptability, Innovation, Analytical Thinking, Independence
What are the Characteristics of Someone who has:
“Conscientiousness”
Strive for Achievement, Self Disciplined
Attention to Detail, Dependability, Rule Following, Persistence, Initative
What are the Characteristics of Someone who has:
“Extraversion”
Enthusiastic, Assertive, High Energy, Sociable
Leading, Influence
What are the Characteristics of Someone who has:
“Agreeableness”
Compliant, Positive Approach, Modest
Cooperation, Concern for Others, Diplomacy
What are the Characteristics of Someone who is:
“Neuroticism”
High Tension, Depression
DOES NOT HAVE - Self-Confidence, Stress Tolerance, Self-Control, Emotional Awareness
– Does personality predict performance?
– Does personality predict exercise behaviour?
– Is there a distinct sport personality?
– Is sport type (team versus individual, contact
versus noncontact) or exercise related to personality?
How does Personality Develop?
(4 Approaches)
- Humanistic Approaches
- Social Learning and Cognitive-Behavioural
Approaches - Genetics/Biological Factors
- Person-Situation Interaction Approaches
What is the Humanistic Approach?
- Focuses on personal responsibility, human growth, personal striving, and individual dignity
- Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:
– Once basic needs are met, individuals strive to meet higher needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:
What is the Social Learning and Cognitive-Behavioural Approaches: Behaviourism?
People learn behaviour in and for specific situations
Reinforcement:
- Behaviour followed by a reward increases the probability of behaviour
- Behaviour associated with the removal of punishment increases probability of behaviour
Punishment:
- Behaviour that is followed by an aversive event decreases probability of behaviour
Social Learning and Cognitive- Behavioural Approaches: Behaviourism
What is the Social Learning Theory?
- Bandura emphasized the importance of observational learning and modelling
- Athletes can learn simply by being exposed to, or observing, the behaviours of others
- People can and do learn from multiple mediums such as TV, magazines, DVDs, and real social interactions
- More likely to adopt a behaviour if it results in valued outcomes
What is the Genetic/Biological Factor Approach?
Approximately 50% of the variance in personality traits are attributed to heritable factors
Based on Twin Studies (Bouchard, 2003)
- Openness to experience was estimated to have a 57% genetic influence
- Extraversion 54%
- Conscientiousness 49%
- Agreeableness 42%
What is the Interactionist Approach to Personality?
- Situational interplay between person and environment determines athletes’ behaviours
- Individuals bring specific experiences and dispositions to a physical activity situation
- Try to understand how stable person factors affect behaviours/cognitions in specific settings
What are Personality Traits & Issues in Sport?
4
- Risk Taking and Sensation Seeking
- Passion
- Perfectionism
- Mental toughness
What is Risk Taking and Sensation?
- Sensation (stimulus) seeking: Seeking varied, novel, complex and intense sensations and experiences
What are the 2 types of Passion?
Harmonious Passion (HP)
– Engage as part of identity and personal enjoyment
Obsessive Passion (OP)
– Rigid and uncontrolled urges to engage and avoid guilt
How does Harmonious passion
positively relate to performance?
- Positive emotions
- Ability to disengage
- Well-being
- Effective decision making
How does Obsession passion
positively relate to performance?
- Stress/guilt, rumination
- Hostile aggression
- Cheating/substance use
- Inability to disengage when injured
What is Perfectionism?
Multidimensional personality trait characterized by very high performance standards combined with overly critical self-evaluations
What is Personal standards perfectionism (PSP)?
- High performance standards
- Self-oriented achievement striving
- Often associated with adaptive functioning
What is Evaluative concerns perfectionism (ESP)?
Evaluative concerns perfectionism (ESP):
- Negative social evaluation
- Excessive self-criticism
- Concern over mistakes
- Doubts about actions
- Often associated with poor outcomes and maladjustment
2 x 2 Model of Perfectionism
High Evaluative Concerns
+
High Personal Standards
Mixed Perfectionism
High Evaluative Concerns
+
Low Personal Standards
Pure Evaluative Concerns Perfectionism “Pure ECP”
Associated with higher burnout than non- perfectionism and mixed perfectionism
Low Evaluative Concerns
+
High Personal Standards
Pure Personal Standards Perfectionism “Pure PSP”
Associated with lower burnout than non- perfectionism & mixed perfectionism
Low Evaluative Concerns
+
Low Personal Standards
Non-Perfectionism
What is Mental Toughness?
Personality characteristics that allow individuals to cope with stress and anxiety while remaining focused on competition demands
What is the The 4C Model of Mental Toughness?
- Challenge to overcome situations
- Control over experiences
- Confidence to overcome experiences
- Commitment to achieving goals
What are the 7 Key Dimensions of Mental Toughness?
Generalized Self-Efficacy
Buoyancy
Success Mindset
Optimistic Style
Context Knowledge
Emotion Regulation
Attention Regulation
7 Key Dimensions of Mental Toughness
What is Generalized Self-Efficacy?
A belief in your ability to achieve success in your achievement context
7 Key Dimensions of Mental Toughness
What is Buoyancy?
The ability to effectively execute the required skills and processes in response to the challenges and pressures of everyday life
7 Key Dimensions of Mental Toughness
What is a Success Mindset?
the desire to achieve success and the ability to act upon this desire
7 Key Dimensions of Mental Toughness
What is Optimistic Style?
Tendency to expect positive events in the future, and attribute positive causes and outcomes to different events in one’s life
7 Key Dimensions of Mental Toughness
What is Context Knowledge?
An awareness and understanding of the performance context, and how to apply this knowledge in achiveing success or reaching ones goal.
7 Key Dimensions of Mental Toughness
What is Emotion Regulation?
An awareness of and ability to use emotionally relevant processes to facilitate optimal performance and goal attainment
What is Attention Regulation?
The ability to focus on what is relevant while minimizing the intrusion of irrelevant information
