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Funds I Theory > Stress and Adaptation Key Points > Flashcards

Stress and Adaptation Key Points Flashcards

1
Q

Crisis

A

a disturbance caused by precipitating event, such as a perceived loss, a threat of loss, or a challenge that is perceived as a threat to self

may be maturational (developmental), situational (life event), adventitious (unexpected events)

using coping mechanisms are ineffective

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2
Q

Stress

A

condition in which the human system responds to changes in its normal balanced state

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3
Q

Crisis Intervention

A

5-step problem-solving technique designed to promote improved abilities to cope with future crises

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4
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

unconscious reactions to stressors

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5
Q

Introjection

A

a person incorporates qualities or values of another person into his ego structure, important in formation of conscience during childhood

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6
Q

Dissociation

A

a person subconsciously protects himself from the memories of a horrific or painful event by allowing the mind to forget the incident

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7
Q

Stressor

A

anything that is perceived as a challenging, threatening, or demanding that triggers a stress reaction

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8
Q

Projection

A

a person attributes thoughts or impulses to someone else

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9
Q

Compensation

A

person attempts to overcome a perceived weakness by emphasizing a more desirable trait

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10
Q

Coping Mechanisms

A

behaviors used to decrease stress and anxiety

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11
Q

Reaction Formation

A

a person develops conscious attitudes and behavior patterns that are opposite of what he would really like to do

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12
Q

Repression

A

a person voluntarily excludes an anxiety-producing event from conscious awareness

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13
Q

Rationalization

A

a person tries to give a logically or socially acceptable explanation for questionable behavior

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14
Q

Burnout

A

when a person becomes overwhelmed and develop symptoms of stress, or a complex of behaviors

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15
Q

Inflammatory Response

A

local response to injury or infection

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16
Q

Displacement

A

a person transfers an emotional reaction from one object or person to another object or person

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17
Q

Adaptation

A

change that takes place as a result of stress

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18
Q

Anxiety

A

a vague, uneasy feeling of discomfort or dread

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19
Q

Denial

A

a person refuses to acknowledge the presence of a condition that is disturbing

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20
Q

Sublimation

A

a person substitutes a socially acceptable goal for one whose normal channel of expression is blocked

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21
Q

Undoing

A

a person uses an act or communication to negate a previous act or communication

22
Q

Regression

A

a person returns to an earlier method of behaving

23
Q

Fear

A

a feeling of dread in response to a known threat

24
Q

Caregiver Burden

A

when a person caring for a family member for long periods develops prolonged stress

25
Q

Eustress

A

short-term stress that promotes positive emotional, intellectual, and physiological adaptation and development

“good” stress

26
Q

Examples of Physiologic Stress

A

Chemical Agents: drugs, poisons
Physical Agents: heat, cold, trauma
Infectious Agents: viruses, bacteria
Nutritional Imbalances
Hypoxia
Genetic or Immune Disorders

27
Q

Examples of Psychosocial Stress

A

Environment: homelife
Interpersonal Relationships: family, SO
Life Events: stressful, trauma
Horrors of History: school shootings
Events of History Brought into the Home Through Media: war, earthquakes, civil unrest
Economy, Political, Technology

28
Q

Various physiologic mechanisms within the body respond to internal changes to maintain relative constancy in the internal environment, a process known as _______.

A

Homeostasis

29
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome Phases

A

Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion

30
Q

Alarm Phase

A

fight-or-flight response: initiated by sympathetic NS

preparing the body to either fight off the stressor or run away from it

this phase of the alarm phase is called the shock phase

31
Q

Physiological Changes During the Alarm Phase

A

Increased: HR, BP, vasoconstriction (peripheral), metabolism (increased blood sugar), water retention, mental alertness

Dilated: pupils and bronchi

32
Q

Resistance Phase

A

having perceived the threat and mobilized its resources, the body now attempts to adapt to the stressor

vital signs, hormone levels, and energy production return to normal

if the stress can be managed to a small area (local adaptation syndrome), the body regains homeostasis

if the stressor is prolonged or strong enough to overwhelm the body’s ability to defend itself, the adaptive mechanisms become exhausted

33
Q

Exhaustion Phase

A

occurs when the adaptive mechanisms can no longer provide defense

the depletion of resources results in the damage to the body in the from of wear and tear or systemic damage

one of the following will occur: rest and recovery or death (total exhaustion)

34
Q

Psychosomatic Disorders

A

illnesses that develop as a result of prolonged stress

35
Q

Physiologic Indicators of Prolonged Stress

A

backache or stiff neck
chest pain
constipation or diarrhea
decreased sex drive
dilated pupils
dry mouth
headache
increased urination
increased perspiration
increased pulse, BP, and respirations
nausea
sleep disturbances
weight gain or loss

36
Q

Mild Anxiety

A

day-to-day

increased alertness, motivates learning and growth, facilitates problem solving

37
Q

Moderate Anxiety

A

narrows perceptual fields

focus is on immediate concerns

“butterflies in your stomach”, increased muscle tension

38
Q

Severe Anxiety

A

very narrow focus on details

impaired learning, easily distracted, difficulty communicating

39
Q

Panic Anxiety

A

loss of control and experience dread and terror

hyperventilation, tachycardia, palpitations, choking sensations

40
Q

Examples of Coping Mechanisms

A

crying, laughing, sleeping, cursing
physical activity, exercise
smoking, drinking
lack of eye contact, withdrawal
limiting relationships to those w/ similar values and interests

41
Q

Stress and Basic Human Needs

A

unique to each individual

as a person strives to meet basic human needs, stress can be either a barrier or stimulus

42
Q

Stress in Health and Illness

A

in a healthy person, may promote health and prevent illness
ex: fear of developing lung cancer may motivate someone to stop smoking

stress on an injured person may make illness worse and illness=stress

43
Q

Long Term Stress

A

affects physical status
increases risk of disease/injury
recovery and return to normal function is compromised
increased levels of ongoing stress are associated with multiple health disorders
-stress alone does not cause autoimmune disorders, but does contribute

44
Q

Family Stress

A

family members could be overly protective, deny seriousness of illness, or blame health care providers

or family can provide support necessary to manage and adapt to stress

caregiver burden

45
Q

Stress is greater for nurses in two groups

A

new graduates
nurses who work in ICU and ER

46
Q

Reasons for increased stress in nurses include:

A

patients in hospitals are more acutely ill today than in the past
shortage of nurses
increased number of people over the age of 65
technological advances
health care policies that impact on health care access and resources
working long hours

47
Q

Incivility

A

encompasses rude or discourteous actions that negatively affect others

elevated and continued becomes bullying

48
Q

Bullying

A

repeated, ongoing actions that intend to harm another person

humiliation, offensive speech/actions, other methods that cause distress

49
Q

Workplace Violence

A

actions that cause psychological or physical damage

50
Q

Burnout can be compared to ______ stage of anxiety.

A

exhaustion

51
Q

Interventions for Managing Stress

A

relaxation
meditation
guided imagery (mental image)
biofeedback (gaining mental control of ANS)
rest and sleep
exercise
nutrition
encourage use of support systems
anticipatory guidance (therapist)

Funds I Theory (13 decks)

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