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Funds I Theory > Oxygenation Key Points > Flashcards

Oxygenation Key Points Flashcards

1
Q

Adventitious

A

abnormal breath sound heard over the lungs

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2
Q

Alveoli

A

small air sacs at end of terminal bronchioles that are the site of gas exchange

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3
Q

Angina

A

temporary imbalance between the amount of oxygen needed by the heart and the amount delivered to heart muscles

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4
Q

Arterial Blood Gas

A

diagnostic test examining arterial blood

used to determine the pressure exerted by oxygen and CO2 in blood

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5
Q

Atelectasis

A

incomplete expansion or collapse of a part of the lungs

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6
Q

Atria

A

upper chambers of the heart

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7
Q

Atrioventricular Bundle

A

bundle of modified heart muscle that transmits the cardiac impulse from atrioventricular node to the ventricles, causing them to contract

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8
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

node of specialized heart muscle located in septal wall of right atrium

receives impulses from sinoatrial node and transmits them to the atrioventricular bundle

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9
Q

Bronchial

A

heard over larynx and trachea

are HIGH-PITCHED, harsh blowing sounds, with sound on expiration being longer than inspiration

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10
Q

Bronchodilator

A

medication that relaxes contractions of smooth muscles of the bronchioles

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11
Q

Bronchovesicular

A

normal breath sounds heard over mainstem bronchus

LOW PITCHED, HOLLOW moderate blowing sounds with inspiration and expiration

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12
Q

Capnography

A

method to monitor ventilation and indirectly blood flow through the lungs

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13
Q

Cardiopulmonary

A

relating to the heart and the lungs

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14
Q

Cardiovascular

A

relating to the heart and blood vessels

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15
Q

Cilia

A

microscopic, hair-like projections that move mucous toward upper airway so that it can be expectorated

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16
Q

Crackles

A

fine, crackling sounds made as air moves through wet secretions in the lungs

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17
Q

Endotracheal Tube

A

polyvinyl-chloride airway that is inserted through the nose or mouth into trachea using larynogoscope

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18
Q

Hyperventilation

A

more than normal amount of air entering and leaving lungs

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19
Q

Hypoventilation

A

decreased rate and depth of air movement into lungs

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20
Q

Hypoxemia

A

deficient oxygenation of blood

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21
Q

Hypoxia

A

inadequate amount of oxygen available to the cells

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22
Q

Internal Respiration

A

exchange of O2 and CO2 between circulating blood and tissue

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23
Q

Ischemia

A

deficiency of blood in a particular area

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24
Q

Oxygenation

A

process of providing cells life-sustaining oxygen

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25
Q

Perfusion

A

oxygenated capillary blood passes through the tissues of the body

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26
Q

Pleural Friction Rub

A

HARSH, grating, LEATHERY sound
caused by inflamed pleura

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27
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation

A

movement of air into and out of lungs

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28
Q

Pulse Oximetry

A

noninvasive technology that measures O2 Sat (SaO2) of arterial blood

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29
Q

Respiration

A

gas exchange between alveoli and blood in capillaries

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30
Q

Rhonchi

A

low pitched, RUMBLE, SNORING sound

narrow airway in trachea or bronchi
clears w/ coughing

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31
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

mass of tissue in upper right atrium, below opening of superior vena cava, that initiates transmission of electrical impulses, causing heart contractions

AKA PACEMAKER

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32
Q

Spirometer

A

instrument used to measure lung capacity and volume

33
Q

Sputum

A

respiratory secretion expelled by coughing or clearing throat

34
Q

Stridor

A

high pitched, WHEEZING
mostly heard on inspiration
disrupted airflow in larynx or trachea

35
Q

Surfactant

A

detergent-like phospholipid that reduces surface tension of fluid lining alveoli

36
Q

Tracheal

A

harsh hollow sounds heard over trachea (NORMAL)

37
Q

Tracheostomy

A

artificial opening made in trachea through which tracheostomy tube is inserted

38
Q

Ventricles

A

lower chambers of the heart

39
Q

Vesicular

A

normal sound of respirations heard on auscultation over peripheral lung areas

LOW-PITCHED BLOWING

40
Q

Wheezes

A

continuous, high-pitched squeak or MUSICAL sound made as air moves through NARROWED or partially obstructed airway passages

41
Q

If a problem exists in ventilation, respiration, or perfusion, what might occur?

A

hypoxia

42
Q

What are the most common symptoms of hypoxia? (9)

A

dyspnea
increase BP w/ small pulse pressure
increase RR and pulse rates
pallor
cyanosis
anxiety
restlessness
confusion
drowsiness

43
Q

What other condition could cause hypoxia?

A

hypoventilation

44
Q

Can hypoxia be a chronic condition?

A

yes

45
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of chronic hypoxia? (9)

A

altered though processes
headaches
chest pain
enlarged heart
decreased urinary output
clubbing of fingers and toes
decreased libido (sex drive)
weakness of extremity muscles
muscle pain

46
Q

What does the amount of blood flowing through the lungs depend on?

A

the amount of oxygen and other gases that are exchanged

47
Q

Where is perfusion greater in the lungs?

A

dependent areas; lowest area of the lungs

48
Q

How is the majority of oxygen carried through the blood?

A

red blood cells as part of hemoglobin

49
Q

Factors that affect oxygenation (6)

A

level of health
developmental considerations
medication considerations
lifestyle considerations
environmental considerations
psychological health considerations

50
Q

Healthy lifestyles that promote optimal respiratory functioning (6)

A

no smoking
regular exercise
limit alcohol intake
healthy diet/weight
monitor cholesterol
vaccinations

51
Q

Vaccinations that promote optimal respiratory functioning (3)

A

influenza
COVID-19
pneumonia (pneumococcal)

52
Q

Reducing anxiety techniques that promote optimal respiratory functioning in patients (3)

A

create environment that lessens anxiety
use active listening
treat patient w/ empathy and nonjudgmental

53
Q

Pullutant free environments that promote optimal respiratory functioning (6)

A

avoid cities (w/ lots of pollution)
avoid second-hand smoke
avoid fires or places likely to have fires (ex: California)
avoid vacuuming/dusting
avoid occupational hazards (mining, farming, painting, cleaners)

54
Q

Maintaining good nutritional habits that promote optimal respiratory functioning (5)

A

small frequent meals
plan breathing treatments before eating (1-2 hrs before)
avoid extra added salts
wear oxygen while eating
avoid fats, salts, sugars

55
Q

Ways to promote comfort for a patient having dyspnea (3)

A

positioning
providing humidified air
maintaining adequate fluid intake

56
Q

Positioning for promoting comfort for someone with dyspnea

A

Fowler’s (promotes chest expansion)
Tripod (increases lung expansion)
Prone (opens up lungs for an acute pt)

57
Q

Considerations for providing humidified air to promote comfort while breathing

A

clean the air humidifier
humidifying removes moisture from respiratory passages (which protects against infection and irritation)

58
Q

Considerations for maintaining adequate fluid intake to promote comfort while breathing

A

keep secretions thin
recommended 2-3 quarts a day

59
Q

Techniques that Promote Proper Breathing (4)

A

deep breathing
incentive spirometer
pursed-lip breathing
diaphragmatic breathing

60
Q

How does deep breathing promote proper breathing?

A

used to overcome hypoventilation
in nose, out mouth
move ribs up while breathing in

61
Q

How does the incentive spirometer help promote proper breathing?

A

opens up alveoli (atelectasis)
provides a visual

62
Q

How does pursed-lip breathing help promote proper breathing?

A

feeling of control = decreased anxiety
prevents collapse of small airways

63
Q

How does diaphragmatic breathing help promote proper breathing?

A

decreases RR
increases alveolar ventilation
helps expel as much air as possible

64
Q

Non productive cough

A

dry cough
can be fatiguing/irritating

65
Q

Productive cough

A

wet cough w/ sputum

66
Q

Coughing is a

A

cleansing mechanism for respiratory system

67
Q

Voluntary Coughing

A

forced
-combined w/ deep breathing
-give frequent reminders
-have pt cough before bed

68
Q

Involuntary Coughing

A

could be caused by:
-respiratory infection
-respiratory secretion

69
Q

Pharmacological Options for Promoting and Controlling Coughing

A

expectorants: facilitates removal of secretions by EXPElling it (example: mucinex)

cough suppressants: depress cough reflex (don’t give if a patient has a productive cough)

lozenges: cough drops w/ local anesthetic (numb cough reflex)

70
Q

Performing Chest Physiotherapy for promoting and controlling coughing

A

percussion, vibration

71
Q

Suctioning the Airway to Promote and Control Coughing

A

suction mouth or internal airways, done in ICU

irritates mucosa and can cause hypoxemia when done in internal airways

72
Q

FiO2

A

fraction inspired oxygen

73
Q

What does typical room air contain?

A

Oxygen: 21%
Nitrogen: 78%
Methane, Helium, CO2: 3 %

74
Q

Nasal Cannula

A

MOST COMMON
basic supplemental oxygen source when pt needs a little extra
1-6 L/min (more than 6L is not effective)
use humidifier for any device greater than 4 L/min (oxygen dries out mucosa)

75
Q

Simple Mask

A

no bag on mask
very simple, basic, flexible tubing and mask
can attach nebulizer for meds (breathing treatment)
holes on each side of mask to allow O2 and CO2 out of mask
6-10 L/min
may see in PACU or for mouth breathers

76
Q

Partial-Rebreather

A

similar to non-rebreather, but has open holes w/out valves on side (which allows for increased O2 levels)
bag should be 2/3 way full
do NOT let bag collapse
8-11 L/min
requires careful monitoring to verify FiO2 rate

77
Q

High Flow Nasal Cannula

A

high flow O2
max 6-10 L/min
green tubing
must be humidified (very drying)

78
Q

Face Tent/Shield

A

much like trach O2 supply
comes in and around nose and mouth
at least 10 L/min
fixed FiO2 28%-100%
HUMIDIFY!!!

Funds I Theory (13 decks)

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