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Funds I Theory > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Normal Blood Pressure

A

<120/<80

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2
Q

Normal Pulse Range

A

60-100 bpm

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3
Q

Normal Respiratory Rate Range

A

12-20 breaths/min

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4
Q

Normal Temp Range

A

96.4 - 99.5 F

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5
Q

Normal Pain Rating

A

0

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6
Q

Oral Temp Range

A

97.7 - 99.5 F (accurate)

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7
Q

Rectal Temp Range

A

98.7 - 100.5 F (1 degree more than oral)

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8
Q

Axillary Temp Range

A

96.7 - 98.5 F (1 degree less than oral)

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9
Q

Tympanic Temp Range

A

98.2 - 100 (not accurate)

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10
Q

Radiation

A

diffusion of heat by electromagnetic waves
ex: remove blanket

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11
Q

Convection

A

fan/cold shower/AC

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12
Q

Evaporation

A

sweating (liquid to vapor)

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13
Q

Conduction

A

transfer of heat to object w/ direct contact
ex: ice pack

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14
Q

Factors that Affect Body Temperature

A

circadian rhythms, age & gender, physical health, state of health, environmental temperature

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15
Q

Pulse

A

regulated by the autonomic (automatic) nervous system through cardiac sinoatrial (SA) node

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16
Q

Parasympathetic Stimulation

A

rest and digest (decrease HR)

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17
Q

Sympathetic Stimulation

A

fight or flight (increase HR)

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18
Q

Dysrhythmia

A

irregular HR

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19
Q

Characteristics of Peripheral Pulse

A

rate, amplitude & quality, rhythm, volume
quality of perfusions: 0, 1+, 2+, 3+

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20
Q

Diffusion

A

exchange between alveoli and blood

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21
Q

Perfusion

A

exchange between blood and tissue cells

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22
Q

Rate/Depth of Respirations

A

shallow breaths/fast
anxiety, exercise, asthma, infections

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23
Q

Rhythm of Respirations

A

steady rhythm
sleep apnea, fear, before death, heart failure

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24
Q

Orthopnea

A

breath better sitting up

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25
Q

Eupnea

A

normal breathing

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26
Q

Dyspnea

A

difficult/labored breathing

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27
Q

Pulse Pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic

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28
Q

Factors Affecting Blood Pressure

A

age, stress, exercise, obesity, emotions, fluid volume (dehydration), outside temp, infection (sepsis), hemorrhage, meds, food intake

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29
Q

Orthostatic Hypertension

A

temporary fall in BP (usually positional/changing position)

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30
Q

When to Assess Vital Signs

A
  • on admission to any health care facility
  • based on the facility/institutional policy
  • any time there is a change in patient’s condition
  • any time there is a loss of consciousness
  • pre-op/post-op surgical or invasive diagnostic procedure (test) [post-op: check for complications every 15 min]
  • before and after activity that may increase risk, such as ambulation after surgery
  • before administering meds that affect cardiovascular and respiratory function [check 30 min before giving BP meds and cardiovascular meds]
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31
Q

Apnea

A

periods in which there is no breathing

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32
Q

Pyrexia

A

another name for “fever”

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33
Q

Bradypnea

A

decrease in respiratory rate

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34
Q

Hyperthermia

A

high body temp exposed to extreme heat

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35
Q

Pulse Deficit

A

difference between apical and radial pulse

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36
Q

Korotkoff Sounds

A

series of sounds which nurse listens for when assessing blood pressure with stethoscope

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37
Q

Tachypnea

A

increase in respiratory rate

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38
Q

Febrile

A

person with a fever

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39
Q

Hypothermia

A

low body temp exposed to extreme cold

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40
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

physiological needs
safety and security
love and belonging
self-esteem
self-actualization

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41
Q

Physiological Needs

A

oxygen, water, food, elimination, homeostasis, rest, sexuality

Prioritize ABC
A-airway
B-breathing
C-circulation

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42
Q

Nursing Care to Meet Physiological Needs

A

Oxygen: evaluate by assessing skin color, vital signs, anxiety levels, responses to activity, restlessness, and mental responsiveness

Intake & Output of Fluids: measure intake and output, test resiliency of skin, check condition of skin and mucous membranes, and weigh patient help assess a patient’s water balance

Food & Elimination: assessed w/ indiactors including weight, muscle mass, strength, and lab values

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43
Q

Safety and Security

A

physical components: security & protection, potential or actual harm

emotional components: involves trusting others and being free of fear/anxiety

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44
Q

Nursing Care to Meet Physical Safety

A

nurses meet needs by using proper hand hygiene and sterile techniques to prevent infection, using electrical equipment properly, administering meds knowledgable, skillfully moving and ambulating patients, teaching parents about household chemicals that are dangerous to children

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45
Q

Nursing Care to Meet Emotional Safety

A

encourage spiritual practices that provide strength and support, by allowing as much independent decision-making and control as possible, and by carefully explaining new and unfamiliar procedures and treatments

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46
Q

Love & Belonging

A

feeling of inclusion, acceptance, and belonging (giving and receiving love)

families, peers, friends, neighborhood, community

unmet needs can lead to isolation and loneliness

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47
Q

Nursing Care to Meet Love & Belonging Needs

A

include family and friends in care of patient, establish nurse-patient relationship based on mutual understanding and trust (by demonstrating care, encouraging, communication, and respecting privacy) and referring patients to specific support groups (such as cancer support groups or AA)

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48
Q

Self-Esteem

A

a need to feel good about oneself

sense of pride and accomplishment
positive self-esteem = confidence

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49
Q

Nursing Care to Meet Self-Esteem Needs

A

respect their values and beliefs, encouraging patients to set attainable goals, and facilitating support from family or significant others

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50
Q

Self-Actualization

A

the need for people to reach their full potential through development of their unique capabilities

each lower level need must be met first
process is lifelong
purposeful life

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51
Q

Nursing Care to Meet Self-Actualization Needs

A

focus on person’s strengths and possibilities rather than on problems

interventions are aimed at providing a sense of direction and hope and providing teaching that is aimed at maximizing potential

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52
Q

Verbal Communication

A

exchange of info using words, including both written and spoken word

this communication depends on a prescribed way of using words so that people can share info effectively known as language

Ex: oral reports, email/text professionally, calling, speaking w/ patients/families

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53
Q

Non-Verbal Communication

A

AKA body language

can help the nurse notice subtle and hidden meanings in what the patient is saying verbally

Ex: eye contact, touch, facial expressions, posture, sounds (signs, moans), appearance, gesture, dress/grooming, silence

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54
Q

Rapport

A

feeling of mutual trust experienced by people in a satisfactory relationship

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55
Q

Factors Influencing Communication

A

developmental level
biological sex
sociocultural differences
roles and responsibilities
physical/mental/emotional state
space and territory
environment
values

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56
Q

Purpose of SBAR

A

to eliminate the breakdowns in communication and potential adverse effects

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57
Q

Hand-Off Communication

A

occurs between nurses in other departments in the facility during nurse-to-nurse reports, or in nurse to physician/health care provider discussions

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58
Q

I-S-B-A-R-R

A

I - identify (self and patient)
S - situation
B - background (medical history)
A - assessment (thorough)
R - recommendation
R - readback

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59
Q

Phases of the Helping Relationship (Nurse-Patient Relationship)

A

orientation, working, termination

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60
Q

Orientation Phase of Nurse-Patient Relationship

A

introductions
establishing trust
setting the tone
provide info
establish routine

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61
Q

Working Phase of Nurse-Patient Relationship

A

LONGEST PHASE
assisting patient in physical/mental needs
motivate to learn, implement health promotion
caring and providing reassurance throughout day

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62
Q

Termination Phase of Nurse-Patient Relationship

A

conclusion
leaving for day
patient going home
review goals
satisfying feeling
introduce new nurse

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63
Q

Assertive Communication

A

stand up for self or others using open, honest, and direct communication

64
Q

Nonassertive Communication

A

not stand up for self or others

65
Q

Aggressive Communication

A

asserting one’s rights in a negative manner that violates the rights of others

66
Q

Communication Blocks

A

failure to perceive patient as human being
failure to listen
changing the subject
giving false assurance
gossip and rumor
disruptive interpersonal behavior and communication
impaired verbal communication (elderspeak)

67
Q

Nontherapeutic Comments & Questions

A

cliches (stereotyped, trite, pat answer)
yes or no questions
questions containing words Why & How
questions that probe for info
leading questions
comments that give advice
judgmental comments

68
Q

Therapeutic Relationships w/ Patients

A

control tone of voice
be flexible, clear, and concise
be truthful
keep an open mind
take advantage of available opportunities

69
Q

Incivility

A

rude, intimidating, and undesirable behavior directed at another person

70
Q

Horizontal Violence

A

anger and aggressive behavior between nurses or nurse-to-nurse hostility

71
Q

Bullying

A

negative, often repetitive, disruptive behavior; also referred to as horizontal violence, lateral violence, and professional incivility

72
Q

Acute Illness

A

rapidly occurring illness that runs its course, allowing a person to return one’s previous levels of functioning

73
Q

Chronic Illness

A

irreversible illness that causes permanent physical impairment and requires long-term healthcare

74
Q

Disease

A

pathologic change in the structure or function of the body/mind

75
Q

Exacerbation

A

period in chronic illness when the symptoms of the disease reappear

76
Q

Health

A

state of optimal functioning or well-being

77
Q

Health Disparity

A

a specific difference that is closely linked to social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage

78
Q

Health Equity

A

attainment of the highest level of health for all people

79
Q

Health Promotion

A

behavior of an individual motivated by a personal desire to increase well-being and health potential

80
Q

Holistic Healthcare

A

health care that takes into account the whole person interacting in the environment

81
Q

Illness

A

abnormal process in which any aspect of the person’s functioning is altered (in comparison to the previous condition of health)

82
Q

Morbidity

A

frequency that a disease occurs

83
Q

Mortality

A

number of deaths

84
Q

Remission

A

period in a chronic illness when the disease is present, but the person doesn’t experience symptoms

85
Q

Risk Factor

A

something that increases a person’s chance for illness or injury

86
Q

Social Determinants of Health

A

conditions in the environments in which people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality of life outcomes and risks

87
Q

Vulnerable Population

A

disadvantaged subsegment of a community requiring utmost care, specific ancillary considerations and augmented protection in research; includes those living in poverty, women, children, older adults, rural and inner-city residents, new immigrants, homeless, mentally ill patients, and people w/ disabilities and special health care needs

88
Q

Wellness

A

an active process in which an individual progresses toward the maximum possible potential, regardless of current state of health

89
Q

Examples of Acute Illness

A

COVID-19, strep throat, appendicitis

typically need treatment (let it run its course)

90
Q

Examples of Chronic Illness

A

cancer, heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, CHF

People of all ages

91
Q

Example of Exacerbation

A

COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

92
Q

Factors Affecting Health & Illness

A

basic human needs
human dimensions (physical, emotional, intellectual, environmental, sociocultural, spiritual)

93
Q

Modifiable Risk Factors

A

diet, alcohol consumption, and smoking

94
Q

Non-Modifiable Risk Factors

A

age, family history, gender, ethnicity, race

95
Q

Primary Level of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention

A

promoting health and preventing development of disease process or injury

96
Q

Secondary Level of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention

A

focus is on screening for early detection of disease with prompt diagnosis and treatment of any found

97
Q

Tertiary Level of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention

A

begins after an illness is diagnosed and treated with the goal of reducing disability and helping rehabilitate patients to a max level of functioning

98
Q

Airborne Transmission

A

spreading of microorganisms that are less than 5 mcm when an infected host coughs, sneezes, or talks, or when the organism becomes attached to dust particles

coughs, sneezes, talks, becomes attached to dust particles

Ex: TB, COVID-19

99
Q

Antibody

A

immunoglobin produced by the body in response to a specific antigen

100
Q

Antigen

A

foreign material capable of inducing a specific immune response

101
Q

Antimicrobial

A

antibacterial agent that kills bacteria or suppresses their growth

102
Q

Asepsis

A

absense of disease-producing microorganisms; using methods to prevent infection

103
Q

Bacteria

A

most significant and most commonly observed infection-causing agents

104
Q

Bundles

A

evidence-based best practices that have proven positive outcomes when implemented together to prevent infection

105
Q

Colonization

A

presence of an organism residing in an individual’s body but w/ no clinical signs of infection

106
Q

Direct Contact

A

way for organisms to enter the body that involves proximity between the susceptible host and an infected person or a carrier, such as through touching, kissing, or sexual

Ex: HIV/AIDS, E. coli, Hepatitis B

107
Q

Disinfection

A

process used to destroy microorganisms; destroys all pathogenic organisms except spores

108
Q

Droplet Transmission

A

transmission of particles > 5 mcm

Ex: common colds, influenza, strep, pneumonia

109
Q

Endemic

A

occurs w/ predictability in one specific region or population and can appear in a different location

110
Q

Endogenous

A

infection in which the causative organism comes from microbial life harbored w/in person

111
Q

Exogenous

A

infection in which causative organism is acquired from outside the host

112
Q

Fungi

A

plant-like organisms (molds & yeasts) can cause infections

113
Q

Health Care-Associated Infection (HAI)

A

infection not present on admission to health care institution and develops during course of treatment for other conditions (nosocomial)

114
Q

Host

A

animal/person on or w/in which microorganisms live

115
Q

Iatrogenic

A

infection that occurs as a result of a treatment or diagnostic procedure

116
Q

Indirect Contact

A

personal contact w/ either a vector, living creature that transmits an infectious agent to a human, usually an insect; or an inanimate object (fomite) like equipment

117
Q

Infection

A

disease state resulting from pathogens in or on body

118
Q

Isolation

A

protective procedure designed to prevent transmission of specific microorganisms; aka protective aseptic techniques and barrier techniques

119
Q

Medical Asepsis

A

practices designed to reduce the number of and transfer of pathogens; synonym for clean technique

120
Q

Nosocomial

A

something originating/taking place in hospital

Ex: infection

121
Q

Parasites

A

organism that lives on/in host and relies on it for nourishment

122
Q

Pathogens

A

disease-producing microorganisms

123
Q

PPE

A

gloves, gown, mask, and protective eye gear designed to minimize or prevent the healthcare workers exposure to infectious material

124
Q

Reservoir

A

natural habitat for growth and multiplication microorganisms

125
Q

Standard Precautions

A

CDC precautions used in care of all patients regardless of their diagnosis or possible infection status; combines universal and body substance precautions

126
Q

Sterilization

A

process by which all microorganisms, including spores, are destroyed

127
Q

Surgical Asepsis

A

practices that render and keep objects and areas free from microorganisms; sterile technique

128
Q

Transmission-Based Precautions

A

CDC precautions used in patients known or suspected to be infected w/ pathogens that can be transmitted by airborne, droplet, or contact routes; used in addition to standard precautions

129
Q

Vector

A

nonhuman carriers - such as mosquitos, ticks, lice - that transmit organisms from one host to another

130
Q

Virulence

A

ability to produce disease

131
Q

Virus

A

smallest microorganism, can be seen only using electron microsope

132
Q

Infection Cycle

A

1) Infectious agents
2) Reservoir
3) Portal of exit
4) Means of transmission
5) Portal of entry
6) Susceptible host

133
Q

Stage 1 of Infection Cycle

A

Infectious Agents: pathogens cause infection/disease

bacteria (most common)
fungi
virus
parasites

134
Q

Stage 2 of Infection Cycle

A

Reservoir: natural habitat of microorganisms

people/animals
food/water/milk
soil
inanimate objects

135
Q

Stage 3 of Infection Cycle

A

Portal of Exit: point of escape for organisms from the reservoir

respiratory tract
gastrointestinal tract
genitourinary tract
blood
tissue

136
Q

Stage 4 of Infection Cycle

A

Means of Transmission: route of an organism takes between transfer from reservoir to susceptible host

Direct: requires close contact/proximity between susceptible host and carrier

Indirect: contact w/ living creature that transmits infectious agent to human or inanimate objects

137
Q

Stage 5 of Infection Cycle

A

Portal of Entry: point where organism enters new host

urinary tract
respiratory tract
gastrointestinal tract
SKIN

138
Q

Stage 6 of Infection Cycle

A

Susceptible Host: source that provides microorganisms w/ nourishment and shelter

organisms are able to overcome hosts defense systems

139
Q

Stages of Infection

A

Incubation Period
Prodromal Stage
Full Stage of Illness
Convalescent Period

140
Q

Incubation Period

A

interval between pathogen’s first invasion and the appearance of symptoms

growing and multiplying

141
Q

Prodromal Stage

A

most infectious stage

early s/s of disease present, may be mild

continues to be unaware of being contagious

142
Q

Full Stage of Illness

A

infection-specific s/s present

acute illness stage

143
Q

Convalescent Period

A

recovery from infection

symptoms disappear and person returns to previous health state

144
Q

Who’s at Risk of Infections

A

poor skin integrity (wounds, surgical incisions)
age, sex, race (young and old more susceptible)
immunization status
general health status - over-stressed, fatigued, existence of illness
foleys, IV sites, central catheters
immunocompromised - chemo patients

145
Q

Interventions to Break Chain of Infection

A

use hand hygiene diligently
carry soiled linens away from the body
avoid raising dust
dispose of waste properly
clean equipment as indicated
use PPE
clean least soiled items first then more soiled
avoid allowing patients to cough/sneeze/breathe directly on to others

146
Q

Donning PPE

A

Gown
Mask/Respirator
Goggles/Face Shield
Gloves

147
Q

Doffing PPE

A

Gloves
Goggles
Gown
Mask

148
Q

Factors Affecting Safety

A

Developmental Considerations
Lifestyle
Environment
Mobility
Sensory Perception
Knowledge
Ability to Communicate
Physical Health State
Psychosocial Health State

149
Q

Nursing Interventions to Promote Safety

A

non-skid socks
walkers
answer call lights
bed low to ground

150
Q

Restraints

A

physical devices used to limit a patient’s movement

Chemical & Physical Restraints

151
Q

Physical Restraints

A

increase possibility of serious injuries due to a fall

152
Q

Chemical Restraints

A

drugs that are used to control behaviors and are not included in person’s normal medical regimen

153
Q

Negative Outcomes from Use of Restraints

A

falls
skin breakdowns
mental side effects
incontinence
respiratory issues
depression/anxiety

154
Q

Alternatives for Restraints

A

3 bed rails
low beds
bed alarm
sitters
distractions/redirection

155
Q

Sentinel Event

A

unexpected occurrence involving death, or serious physical or psychological injury, or the risk of death or injury

“never events” because they should never happen

Funds I Theory (13 decks)

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