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Funds I Theory > Final Exam Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

When should you assess vital signs? (7)

A

on admission to any health care facility
based on the facility/institutional policy
any time there is a change in patient’s condition
any time there is a loss of consciousness
pre-op/post-op surgical or invasive diagnostic procedure (test)
before and after activity that may increase risk, such as ambulation after surgery
before administering medications that affect cardiovascular and respiratory function

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2
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

physiological needs
safety and security
love and belonging
self-esteem
self-actualization

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3
Q

Something essential to the health and survival of humans; common to all people

A

Basic Human Needs

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4
Q

Phases of the Helping Relationship (Nurse-Patient Relationship)

A

orientation: introductions, establishing trust, setting the tone, provide info, establish routine

working: LONGEST PHASE, assisting patient in physical/mental needs, motivate to learn/implement health promotion, caring and providing reassurance throughout day

termination: conclusion, leaving for day, patient going home, review goals, satisfying feeling, introduce new nurses

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5
Q

Assertive vs. Nonassertive vs. Aggressive Communication

A

assertive: stand up for self or others, using open/honest/direct communication

nonassertive: not stand up for self or others

aggressive: asserting one’s rights in a negative manner that violates the rights of others

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6
Q

Objective understanding of the way in which a patient sees his or her situation, identifying with the way another person feels, putting oneself in another person’s circumstances and imagining what it would be like to share that person’s feelings

A

Empathy

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7
Q

Feeling of mutual trust experienced by people in a satisfactory relationship

A

rapport

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8
Q

A stereotyped, trite or pat answer

A

cliche

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9
Q

Negative, often repetitive, disruptive behavior

A

Bullying

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10
Q

SBAR - when it’s used, meaning, and rationale

A

between nurses in other departments in the facility, during nurse to nurse report, or in nurse to physician/HCP discussions

Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation

purpose is to eliminate breakdown in communication and potential adverse events

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11
Q

Factors Affecting Health and Illness (7)

A

basic human needs

human dimensions:
-physical
-emotional
-intellectual
-environmental
-sociocultural
-spiritual

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12
Q

Frequency that a disease occurs

A

morbidity

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13
Q

Number of deaths

A

mortality

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14
Q

Modifiable Risk Factors (4)

A

diet
alcohol
smoking
exercise

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15
Q

Non-Modifiable Risk Factors (5)

A

age
family history
gender
ethnicity
race

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16
Q

Factors Affecting Safety (9)

A

developmental considerations
lifestyle
environment
mobility
sensory perception
knowledge
ability to communicate
physical health state
psychosocial health state

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17
Q

An unexpected occurrence involving death or serious physical or psychological injury, or risk thereof

never event

A

sentinel event

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18
Q

Device used to limit movement or immobilize a patient

A

restraint

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19
Q

Alternatives to Restraints (5)

A

3 bed rails
low beds
bed alarm
sitters
distractions/redirection

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20
Q

Infection Cycle - 6 Stages

A
  1. Infectious Agents
  2. Reservoir
  3. Portal of Exit
  4. Means of Transmission
  5. Portal of Entry
  6. Susceptible Host
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21
Q

Stage 1 of Infection Cycle

A

infectious agents

pathogens cause infection/disease
-bacteria
-fungi
-virus
-parasites

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22
Q

Stage 2 of Infection Cycle

A

reservoir

natural habitat of microorganisms
-people/animals
-food/water/milk
-soil
-inanimate objects

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23
Q

Stage 3 of Infection Cycle

A

portal of exit

point of escape for organisms from the reservoir
-respiratory tract
-gastrointestinal tract
-genitourinary tract
-blood
-tissue

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24
Q

Stage 4 of Infection Cycle

A

means of transportation

route of an organism takes between transfer from reservoir to susceptible host
-direct: close contact/proximity
-indirect: contact w/ living creature that transmits infectious agent to human or inanimate object

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25
Q

Stage 5 of Infection Cycle

A

portal of entry

point where organism enters new host
-urinary tract
-respiratory tract
-gastrointestinal tract
-SKIN

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26
Q

Stage 6 of Infection Cycle

A

susceptible host

source that provides microorganisms with nourishment and shelter
organisms are able to overcome hosts defense systems

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27
Q

Stages of Infection

A

Incubation Period
Prodromal Stage
Full Stage of Illness
Convalescent Period

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28
Q

Incubation Period

A

interval between pathogen’s first invasion and the appearance of symptoms

growing and multiplying

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29
Q

Prodromal Stage

A

most infectious stage

early s&s of disease present, may be mild
continues to be unaware of being contagious

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30
Q

Full Stage of Illness

A

infection-specific s&s present

acute illness stage

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31
Q

Convalescent Period

A

recovery from infection

symptoms disappear and person returns to previous health state

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32
Q

Something originating or taking place in the hospital

A

nosocomial

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33
Q

Process used to destroy microorganisms; destroys all pathogenic organisms except spores

A

disinfection

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34
Q

Antibacterial agent that kills bacteria or suppresses growth

A

antimicrobial

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35
Q

Disease state resulting from pathogens in or on the body

A

infection

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36
Q

Absence of disease-producing microorganisms; using methods to prevent infection

A

asepsis

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37
Q

The process by which all microorganisms, including spores, are destroyed

A

Sterilization

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38
Q

Airborne

A

spread through airborne route when infected host
-coughs
-sneezes
-talks
-becomes attached to dust particles

TB or COVID

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39
Q

Droplet

A

similar to airborne except pathogens greater than 5 mcm
-common colds
-influenza
-strep
-pneumonia

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40
Q

Contact

A

direct vs indirect
-HIV/AIDS
-E. coli
-Hepatitis B

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41
Q

Medical Asepsis vs. Surgical Asepsis

A

Medical: clean technique
Surgical: sterile technique

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42
Q

Precautions that are used regardless of diagnosis or infection status are called

A

standard precautions

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43
Q

Precautions that are used for patients with suspected infection with pathogens that can be transmitted via airborne, droplet, or contact routes are called

A

transmission-based precautions

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44
Q

Protection and support of another’s rights

A

advocacy

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45
Q

Respect for an individual’s right to make their own decision

A

autonomy

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46
Q

Obligation to do and cause no harm to others

A

nonmaleficence

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47
Q

Duty to do good to others

A

beneficence

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48
Q

Distribution of benefits and services fairly

A

justice

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49
Q

Obligation to tell the truth

A

Veracity

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50
Q

Following through with a promise

A

fidelity

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51
Q

Children learn what is of high and low value by observing parents, peers, and significant others

A

Modeling

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52
Q

Leave children to explore values on their own and to develop a personal value system

A

Laissez-faire

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53
Q

Children are rewarded for demonstrating values held by parents and punished for demonstrating unacceptable values

A

rewards and punishments

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54
Q

Encourage children to explore competing values and to weigh their consequences

A

responsible choice

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55
Q

developed capacity to respond well to morally distressing experiences and to emerge strong

A

moral resilience

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56
Q

System dealing with standards of character and behavior related to what is right and wrong

A

ethics

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57
Q

Set of beliefs that are meaningful in life and that influence relationships with others

A

Values

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58
Q

Like ethics, concerned with what constitutes right action; more informal and personal than the term ethics

A

morals

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59
Q

Occurs when you know the right thing to do but either personal or institutional factors make it difficult to follow the correct course of action

A

moral distress

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60
Q

A report of any event that is not consistent with the routine operation of the health care facility that results in or has the potential to result in harm to a patient, employee, or visitor

A

incident report

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61
Q

Intentional Tort Examples (5)

A

assault and battery
defamation of character
invasion of privacy
false imprisonment
fraud

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62
Q

Willful and purposeful misrepresentation that could cause, or has caused, loss or harm to people or property

A

fraud

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63
Q

Unintentional Tort Examples (4)

A

negligence
malpractice
elements of liability
standards of care

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64
Q

Act of negligence as applied to a professional person such as a physician, nurse, or dentist

A

malpractice

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65
Q

What is the nurse’s most important and best legal safeguard?

A

competent practice

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66
Q

Legal responsibility for one’s actions (and failure to act); includes responsibility for financial restitution of harms = from negligent acts

A

liability

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67
Q

When a patient believes he or she has been injured because of the negligence of a nurse or other health care professional and pursues legal action

A

malpractice litigation

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68
Q

Promoting Wound Healing (5)

A

wash hands before performing wound care
optimal positioning for increased circulation to wound
remove debris from the wound
adequate diet
moisture

69
Q

Wound Complications (5)

A

infection
hemorrhage
dehiscence
evisceration
fistula formation

70
Q

Collection of infected fluid that has not drained

A

abscess

71
Q

Cleaning away devitalized tissue and foreign matter from a wound

A

debridement

72
Q

splitting (partial/total) of the wound

A

Dehiscence

73
Q

complete separation of wound (usually in abdomen)

A

Evisceration

74
Q

Thick, leathery scar or dry crust that is necrotic and must be removed for adequate healing to occur

A

Eschar

75
Q

abnormal passage from one vessel/organ to another (typically becomes infected with abscess growing in it)

A

fistula

76
Q

Deficiency of blood in a particular area

A

ischemia

77
Q

when skin is wet too long (excessive moisture)

A

Maceration

78
Q

Serous

A

clear or straw in color
watery consistency
in blister, superficial cut

79
Q

Sanguineous

A

contains RBCs
looks like blood
in deep wounds, surgical wounds

80
Q

Serosanguineous

A

mixture of serum and RBCs
pink tinged color
thin and watery
sign of healing

81
Q

Purulent

A

made up of WBCs, dead tissue debris, dead, and living bacteria
brown, tan, green, yellow
thick, milky consistency
considered abnormal finding (sign of infection)

82
Q

Decrease in the size of a body structure

A

atrophy

83
Q

Decreased muscle tone

A

flaccidity

84
Q

Increased muscle tone

A

spasticity

85
Q

Absence of strength secondary to nervous impairment

A

Paralysis

86
Q

Impaired muscle strength or weakness

A

Paresis

87
Q

gas exchange between alveoli and blood in capillaries

A

respiration

88
Q

process by which oxygenated blood passes through body tissues

A

perfusion

89
Q

exchange of O2 and CO2 between circulating blood and tissues

A

internal respiration

90
Q

Positioning to Help with Breathing

A

Fowler’s: promotes chest expansion
Tripod: increase lung expansion
Prone: opens up lungs (acute pt)

91
Q

How much fluid is recommended to help with secretions in the lungs?

A

2-3 quarts

92
Q

Promoting Proper Breathing (4)

A

deep breathing
incentive spirometer
pursed-lip breathing
diaphragmatic breathing

93
Q

Fine, crackling sounds made as air moves through wet secretions in the lungs

A

Crackles

94
Q

Continuous high-pitched squeak or musical sound made as air moves through narrowed or partially obstructed airways

A

Wheezes

95
Q

Low-pitched, continuous sounds with a snoring quality that occur when air passes through secretions

A

Rhonchi

96
Q

Adjustment of living with other living things and environmental conditions

A

Adaptation

97
Q

Condition in which the human system responds to change in its normal balanced state

A

Stress

98
Q

Anything causing a person to experience stress; change in the balanced state

A

Stressor

99
Q

Occurs when coping and defense mechanisms are no longer effective, resulting in high levels of anxiety, disorganized behavior, and the inability to function normally

A

Crisis

100
Q

cumulative state of frustration with work environment that develops over a long time; behaviors exhibited as the result of prolonged occupational stress

A

burnout

101
Q

Vague sense of impending doom or apprehension precipitated by new and unknown experiences

A

anxiety

102
Q

Patterns of behavior used to neutralize, deny, or counteract anxiety

A

coping mechanism

103
Q

Forms of self-deception; unconscious process the self uses to protect itself from anxiety or threats to self-esteem

A

Defense mechanism

104
Q

Physiologic Indicators of Prolonged Stress (13)

A

backache or stiff neck
chest pain
constipation or diarrhea
decreased sex drive
dilated pupils
dry mouth
headache
increase urination
increase perspiration
increase pulse, bp, and rr
nausea
sleep disturbances
weight gain or loss

105
Q

Interventions for Managing Stress (7)

A

exercise
prayer
art therapy
massage
therapeutic touch
relaxation
meditation

106
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome Phases

A

alarm
resistance
exhaustion

107
Q

Alarm Phase of GAS

A

fight or flight response (sympathetic nervous system)
aka SHOCK phase

Physiologic Changes:
-increase energy levels
-increase oxygen intake
-increase cardiac output
-increase blood pressure
-mental alertness

108
Q

Resistance Phase of GAS

A

body attempts to adapt to the stressor
vital signs, hormone levels, and energy production return to normal

109
Q

Exhaustion Phase of GAS

A

adaptive mechanisms can no longer provide defense
rest and recover or death

110
Q

Written, legal record of all pertinent interventions with the patient - ADPIE

A

documentation

111
Q

Standardized, streamlined shift report system at the bedside; helps ensure the safe handoff of care between nurses by involving the patient and family

A

Bedside Report

112
Q

What is the most important purpose of patient records?

A

communication

113
Q

Nursing Process

A

Assessment
Diagnose
Planning
Intervention
Evaluation

114
Q

An autonomous action based on scientific rationale that a nurse executes to benefit the patient in a predictable way related to the nursing diagnosis and projected outcomes

A

Nurse-initiated interventions

115
Q

Dependent nursing actions, involving carrying out physician-prescribed orders

A

physician-initiated interventions

116
Q

Nursing care provided that is supported by sound scientific rationale

A

evidence-based practice

117
Q

A written plan that details the nursing activities to be executed in specific situations

A

protocol

118
Q

Document that details the nursing care to be implemented in specific nursing situations, frequently when a physician is not present; may expand scope of nursing responsibilities

A

standing order

119
Q

Group of people with different interests or goals than the primary culture

A

subculture

120
Q

Process that occurs when a minority group, living as part of a dominant group within a culture, loses the cultural characteristics that made it different

A

cultural assimilation

121
Q

Those feelings, usually negative, a person experiences when placed in a different culture

A

culture shock

122
Q

sense of identification that a cultural group collectively has; the sharing of common and unique cultural and social beliefs and behavior patterns, including language and dialect, religious practices, literature, folklore, music, political interests, food preferences, and employment patterns

A

ethnicity

123
Q

Division of human beings based on distinct physical characteristics

A

race

124
Q

Coexistence of different ethnic, biological sex, racial, and socioeconomic groups within one social unit

A

cultural diversity

125
Q

Shared belief system of beliefs, values, and behavioral expectations that provides social structure for daily living

A

culture

126
Q

when one assumes that all members of a culture, ethnic group, or race act alike

A

stereotyping

127
Q

belief that everyone else should conform to your belief system

A

cultural imposition

128
Q

when one ignores differences and proceeds as though they do not exist

A

cultural blindness

129
Q

Care delivered with an awareness of the aspects of the patient’s culture

A

cultural competence

130
Q

belief that one’s own ideas, beliefs, and practices are best, superior, or most preferred to those of others; using one’s cultural norms as the standard to evaluate other’s beliefs

A

ethnocentrism

131
Q

Anything that pertains to a person’s relationship with nonmaterial life force or higher power

A

spirituality

132
Q

standing in the presence of another consciously believing in (and affirming) his or her capacity for wholeness, empathy/compassion, giving hope, love, religion/transcendence, and touch and healing

A

presencing

133
Q

a person who denies the existence of a higher power

A

atheist

134
Q

one who holds that nothing can be known about the existence of a higher power

A

agnostic

135
Q

an organized system of beliefs about a higher power that often includes set forms of worship, spiritual practices, and codes of conduct

A

religion

136
Q

impaired ability to experience and integrate meaning and purpose in life through connectedness with self, others, art, music, literature, nature, or a power greater than oneself

A

spiritual distress

137
Q

5 Stages of Grief/Loss

A

denial
anger
bargaining
depression
acceptance

138
Q

when a valued person, object, or situation is changed or becomes inaccessible such that its value is diminished or removed

A

loss

139
Q

loss that can be recognized by others as well as by the person sustaining the loss

A

actual loss

140
Q

loss that is experienced by the person but is intangible to others

A

perceived loss

141
Q

when a person displays loss that has yet to take place

A

anticipatory loss

142
Q

an internal emotional reaction to loss

A

grief

143
Q

the actions and expressions of grief, including the symbols and ceremonies that make up the outward expressions of grief

A

mourning

144
Q

a state of grieving due to a loss of a loved one

A

bereavement

145
Q

Written directive that allows people to state in advance what their choices for health care would be if certain circumstances should develop

A

advanced directive

146
Q

Mercy killing; the deliberate termination of life of a person

A

euthanasia

147
Q

abnormal or distorted, may be unresolved or inhibited grief

A

dysfunctional grief

148
Q

Signs of Impending Death (10)

A

difficulty talking or swallowing
nausea, flatus, abdominal distension
urinary or bowel incontinence or constipation
loss of movement, sensation, and reflexes
decreasing body temp w/ cold and clammy skin
weak, slow, or irregular pulse
decreasing blood pressure
noisy, irregular, or Cheyne-Stokes respirations
restlessness or agitation
cooling, mottling, and cyanosis of extremities and dependent areas

149
Q

a death that allows a person to die on his or her own terms, relatively free of pain, and with dignity free from distress, pt has a sense of completion of life

A

good death

150
Q

an illness in which death is expected within a limited period of time

A

terminal illness

151
Q

stands for Physician Order for Life-Sustaining Treatment; a medical order indicating a patient’s wishes regarding treatments commonly used in a medical crisis

A

POLST form

152
Q

occurs with severe sensory alterations, especially in critical care/ or intensive care units

A

ICU psychosis

153
Q

refers to awareness of positioning of body parts and body movement

A

kinesthesia

154
Q

occurs when a person experiences decreased sensory input or input that is monotonous, unpatterned, or meaningless

A

sensory deprivation

155
Q

when the body quickly adapts to constant stimuli

A

adaptation

156
Q

occurs when a person experiences so much sensory stimuli that the brain is unable to respond or ignore stimuli

A

sensory overload

157
Q

impaired or absent functioning in one or more sense

A

sensory deficit

158
Q

difficulty in the way the brain takes in, organizes, and uses sensory information

A

sensory processing disorder

159
Q

conscious process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting data from the senses into meaningful information

A

sensory perception

160
Q

experience of pain where an amputated limb once was

A

phantom limb pain

161
Q

process of receiving data about the external or internal environment through the senses

A

sensory reception

162
Q

when high-tech devices deliver a bewildering array of assaults on our senses every day

A

sensory poverty

163
Q

Extreme drowsiness, but will respond normally to stimuli

A

somnolence

164
Q

Can be aroused by extreme and/or repeated stimuli

A

stupor

165
Q

Cannot be aroused and does not respond to stimuli

A

coma

166
Q

A state in which the individual or group experiences or is at risk for a change in the amount, pattern or interpretation of incoming stimuli

A

disturbed sensory perception

167
Q

Condition in which the cortical area of the brain receives and responds appropriately to stimuli

A

arousal

168
Q

Description of the sense, usually at a subconscious level, of the movements and position of the body, especially its limbs, independent of vision

A

proprioception

Funds I Theory (13 decks)

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