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PoD topics > Storing and Using Genetic Information > Flashcards

Storing and Using Genetic Information Flashcards

1
Q

define phenotype

A

physical manifestation of an organism ( physical appearance)

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2
Q

define genotype

A

full hereditary information of an organism (even if not expressed physically)

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3
Q

what are components of a nucleotide?

A
  • sugar (5-carbon sugar)
  • base
  • phosphate group
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4
Q

what are components of a nucleoside?

A

-sugar (5-carbon sugar)
- base
(NO phosphate group)

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5
Q

how many bases are there for every turn of the helix?

A

10 bases

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6
Q

what are 2 most common sugars used in DNA?

A
  • deoxyribose (lacking oxygen)

- ribose

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7
Q

is deoxyribose or ribose less resistant to enzymes?

A

deoxyribose

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8
Q

does DNA or RNA break down quicker?

A

RNA

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9
Q

how do polynucleotide chains run against each other? (in what way)

A

anti-parallel (from 5’ to 3’ which makes it stable)

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10
Q

what structures are present for interactions of proteins with the DNA molecule?

A

major and minor grooves (many binding sites found on major groove)

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11
Q

what volume of nucleus is the nucleolus?

A

approx. 25%

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12
Q

what is the function of the nucleolus?

A

site of transcription and assembly of rRNA and creates ribosomes

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13
Q

when are chromosomes visible?

A

when the cell is dividing

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14
Q

what structures does DNA coil around?

A

histones

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15
Q

how many proteins make up a histone?

A

9 proteins

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16
Q

What is DNA around a histone called?

A

a nucleosome

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17
Q

what part of mitosis, does coiling of DNA occur?

A

metaphase

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18
Q

what is chromatin?

A

mixture of DNA, proteins and RNA that packages DNA within the nucleus

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19
Q

what 2 types of chromatin are there?

A
  • heterochromatin

- euchromatin

20
Q

what is heterochromatin?

A

condensed, non-functional part of the DNA

21
Q

what is euchromatin?

A

extended form, functional part of the DNA

22
Q

what are 2 major mechanisms which make chromatin more accessible?

A
  1. histones can be enzymatically modified

2. histones can be displaced by chromatin remodelling complexes

23
Q

is DNA folding and unfolding reversible?

A

yes

24
Q

what does structure of chromatin/DNA depend on?

A

varies depending on the access required to the DNA

25
Q

what are 2 main characteristics of DNA replication?

A
  1. semi-conservative

2. bi-directional

26
Q

what is meant by DNA being semi-conservative?

A

one half of each new molecule of DNA is old and one half is new

27
Q

what bonds are broken when DNA is “unzipped”?

A

hydrogen bonds

28
Q

DNA polymerase can only add new nucleotides to which end of the growing strand?

A

3’ end of growing strand

29
Q

what does DNA ligase do?

A

joins DNA strands together by catalysing the formation of double bonds.

30
Q

what are Okazaki fragments?

A

formed on the lagging strand (small newly synthesised segments DNA) which join together by DNA ligase to form a continuous strand
(Okazaki fragments form short double-stranded DNA sections which are complementary to lagging template strand)

31
Q

In what direction does DNA polymerase work in?

A

(5’–> 3’) and adds to the 3’ end

32
Q

does new strand grow in the opposite direction to the old strand?

A

yes

33
Q

what are exons?

A

part of the code for a particular gene (CODING regions)

34
Q

what are introns?

A

doesn’t code for anything, “junk” of the DNA strand (NON-CODING regions)

35
Q

how many bases make up a codon?

A

3 bases

36
Q

how many amino acids are there?

A

20 amino acids

37
Q

what is the degeneracy/ redundancy of the genetic code?

A

Many (more than one) codons can code for the same amino acid (exceptions; methionine and tryptophan)

38
Q

what is the name given to codons which refer to the same amino acid?

A

synonyms

39
Q

where is the most common location for variations between synonyms to occur?

A

at third base of the codon(wobble position)

40
Q

what is the point of degeneracy in a genetic code?

A
  • minimises the effect of genetic mutations
  • alterations to the base sequences are less likely to alter the protein being coded for
  • prevent alteration to protein structure and hence function
41
Q

what is the initiation codon?

A

methionine

42
Q

what is a common example of a single point mutation?

A

sickle cell anaemia

43
Q

what is mRNA?

A

transcribed from DNA in nucleus during transcription, carries information for protein synthesis

44
Q

what is alternative splicing?

A
  • process by which exons of the RNA produced by transcription of a gene (primary gene transcript of pre-mRNA) are reconnected in multiple ways.
  • resulting different mRNAs can be translated into different protein forms
  • therefore a single gene may code for multiple proteins
45
Q

what is tRNA?

A
  • acts as an adapter molecule between coded amino acid and mRNA
  • anti-codon on tRNA will bind to the codon on mRNA
46
Q

what is rRNA?

A
  • component of ribosomes (produced in nucleus)
  • transported to cytoplasm where they combine with proteins to form ribosomes
  • susceptible to enzyme degradation

PoD topics (34 decks)

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