Drug Delivery Flashcards by Vickey Kotts

what are 4 types of drug delivery methods?

oral (tablets, suspensions)
injection based and inhalation
transfermal (ointments/creams)
carrier based (suppositories, pessaries)

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Why is a drug delivery system formulated?

to allow selective targeting of tissue site

2. to avoid pre or systemic metabolism ( or allow24hr action)

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what does treatment regime need to be tailored to?

patient’s needs
pharmacological characteristics
disease state

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3 key factors determine drug delivery system?

dose of the drug given
frequency of administration
timing of administration

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what 2 organ functions always need to be considered before a dosage regime is established?

renal function

2. hepatic function

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what are 4 examples of oral medication?

solutions, suspensions, tablets and capsules

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where is oral medication absorbed?

GI tract (go through first pass metabolism)

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what 4 administration methods use absorption from the GI tract?

buccal (between gum and cheek)
sublingual
oral
rectal

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What are some of the advantages of solutions and suspensions? (oral)

patients with swallowing difficulties can use it
can be given through naso-gastric or PEG tube
absorbed very rapidly (in small intestine)

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what does absorption of the solutions and suspensions depend on?

gastric emptying

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what 2 types of tablets are available?

simple tablets

2. modified controlled release tablets

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what are advantages to suspensions? (2)

good for unpalatable drugs (don’t taste nice)

2. dose can be contained within a small volume

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what are advantages to tablets/capsules?

convenience
accuracy of dose
reproducibility
drug stability
ease of mass production

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what is the main disadvantage to tablets/capsules?

dissolution or tablet break down (rate limiting step_

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what is the purpose of enteric coating?

delays disintegration of the tablet until it reaches the small intestine (prevents it being broken down in the stomach which contains HCl)

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what drug has enteric coating to protect the drug from stomach acid?

Omeprazole

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what drug has enteric coating to protect the stomach from the drug?

aspirin (without it, aspirin can cause ulceration of the stomach)

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what are the main advantages of prolonged/delayed release formulations? (4)

most disorders require prolonged therapy
maintains drug levels within therapeutic range
reduces need for frequent dosing (for med. staff)
compliance is improved for doctors and nurses

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how can the course of a drug in the body be prolonged?

by reducing the rate of absorption of the drug (slower but sustained rate given)

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what are some example of prolonged release oral drugs? (5)

- problems with possible toxicity may happen

verapamil
diltiazem
isosobride mononitrate
lithium
carbamazepine

what is an example of a parenteral preparation which has a prolonged release?

Intramuscular injections of flupenthixol or risperidone

what are 2 examples of surgical implants with a prolonged release?

progesterone contraception

- testosterone

what are pro-drugs?

synthesised inactive derivatives of an active drug which is activated after administration (in the liver; relies on liver metabolism)

what are 2 advantages of using prodrugs?

prolongation of drug duration and its action

2. avoidance of degradation of the drug in the gut

what is the most common example of a buccal/ sublingual drug?

GTN for angina (which bypass first pass metabolism)

what are main advantages of rectal route medication? (administered as a suppository) -4

- young and old use it - patients unable to swallow used it - systemic absorption - by-pass pre-systemic metabolism

what medication is used through vaginal route for local disease/infections?

- pessaries | - creams

what are 3 main advantages of injection based drug delivery system?

1. fast and systemic effects by bypassing first-pass metabolism 2. can be administered to unconscious or comatose patients 3. drugs have a short half-life and can be infused continuously

when can IV drug administration be given? (3)

1. rapid onset of action is required (given slowly to prevent toxicity) 2. careful control of plasma levels are required (especially when a drug has a narrow therapeutic index) 3. when drug has a short life

what does the drug have to be to be give intramuscularly? (which is prolonged)

1. insoluble | 2. formulated in an oil base

when can intramuscular injections NEVER be given?

if a patient is on anticoagulant for fibrillations as if the patient has any clotting problems, it can make them bleed out

what are 3 examples of subcutaneous injections?

1. insulin 2. heparin 3. narcotic analgesics

what does transdermal drug delivery system involve?

adhesive patches containing the drug are applied to skin

How does the drug travel from the patch into systemic circulation?

drug crosses skin surface by diffusion by percutaneous absorption and enters circulation

what are 3 examples of percutaneous drugs types?

1. creams 2. ointments 3. skin patches

what is main disadvantage to percutaneous drugs such as creams/ointments?

dose is difficult to establish and achieve

what are some of the examples of drugs being released from skin patches?

1. nicotine (for smokers) 2. nitroglycerin (for angina) 3. opiates (for pain) 4. HRT (hormonal replacement therapy) 5. contraception

How can inhalation medication be administered?-4

1. pressurised aerosol 2. breath actuated aerosol 3. nebuliser 4. dry powder devise

what are main advantages to drug delivery method of inhalation?-5

- drug delivery directly to site of action - rapid effect - small doses used - little systemic absorption - reduced adverse effects

what are monoclonal antibodies?

induce immunological response to cancer cells by binding to cancer specific antigen. They are modified for delivery of a toxin, cytokine or other active drug.

what is a liposomal drug? (literally)

Drug in a very small globule of fat

what are some advantages to liposomal drugs? (3)

- reduced toxicity with enhanced efficiency - reduced distribution to sensitive tissue (has target delivery of drugs) - drug only accumulates at disease sites

what does nanoparticle based drug delivery aim to achieve?

the drug can be targeted to a precise location which would reduce side-effects and make drug more effective

what are carbon nanotubules used to treat?

bronchial asthma

what are gold nanoparticles used to treat?

cancer chemotherapy

what are the 3 nanocarriers used in nano-based drug delivery?

1. nanoparticle 2. nanotubule 3. nanoshell

what are nanoerythrosomes used to treat?

liver tumours, parasitic disease and enzyme disease (can carry enzymes, proteins and macromolecules)

what are 2 examples of drugs which have been synthesised to increase their efficiency and target specific tissue they act on?

1. dendrimer | 2. modified buckyball