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PoD topics > Drug Delivery > Flashcards

Drug Delivery Flashcards

1
Q

what are 4 types of drug delivery methods?

A
  1. oral (tablets, suspensions)
  2. injection based and inhalation
  3. transfermal (ointments/creams)
  4. carrier based (suppositories, pessaries)
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2
Q

Why is a drug delivery system formulated?

A
  1. to allow selective targeting of tissue site

2. to avoid pre or systemic metabolism ( or allow24hr action)

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3
Q

what does treatment regime need to be tailored to?

A
  1. patient’s needs
  2. pharmacological characteristics
  3. disease state
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4
Q

3 key factors determine drug delivery system?

A
  1. dose of the drug given
  2. frequency of administration
  3. timing of administration
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5
Q

what 2 organ functions always need to be considered before a dosage regime is established?

A
  1. renal function

2. hepatic function

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6
Q

what are 4 examples of oral medication?

A

solutions, suspensions, tablets and capsules

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7
Q

where is oral medication absorbed?

A

GI tract (go through first pass metabolism)

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8
Q

what 4 administration methods use absorption from the GI tract?

A
  1. buccal (between gum and cheek)
  2. sublingual
  3. oral
  4. rectal
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9
Q

What are some of the advantages of solutions and suspensions? (oral)

A
  1. patients with swallowing difficulties can use it
  2. can be given through naso-gastric or PEG tube
  3. absorbed very rapidly (in small intestine)
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10
Q

what does absorption of the solutions and suspensions depend on?

A

gastric emptying

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11
Q

what 2 types of tablets are available?

A
  1. simple tablets

2. modified controlled release tablets

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12
Q

what are advantages to suspensions? (2)

A
  1. good for unpalatable drugs (don’t taste nice)

2. dose can be contained within a small volume

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13
Q

what are advantages to tablets/capsules?

A
  1. convenience
  2. accuracy of dose
  3. reproducibility
  4. drug stability
  5. ease of mass production
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14
Q

what is the main disadvantage to tablets/capsules?

A

dissolution or tablet break down (rate limiting step_

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15
Q

what is the purpose of enteric coating?

A

delays disintegration of the tablet until it reaches the small intestine (prevents it being broken down in the stomach which contains HCl)

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16
Q

what drug has enteric coating to protect the drug from stomach acid?

A

Omeprazole

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17
Q

what drug has enteric coating to protect the stomach from the drug?

A

aspirin (without it, aspirin can cause ulceration of the stomach)

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18
Q

what are the main advantages of prolonged/delayed release formulations? (4)

A
  • most disorders require prolonged therapy
  • maintains drug levels within therapeutic range
  • reduces need for frequent dosing (for med. staff)
  • compliance is improved for doctors and nurses
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19
Q

how can the course of a drug in the body be prolonged?

A

by reducing the rate of absorption of the drug (slower but sustained rate given)

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20
Q

what are some example of prolonged release oral drugs? (5)

- problems with possible toxicity may happen

A
  • verapamil
  • diltiazem
  • isosobride mononitrate
  • lithium
  • carbamazepine
21
Q

what is an example of a parenteral preparation which has a prolonged release?

A

Intramuscular injections of flupenthixol or risperidone

22
Q

what are 2 examples of surgical implants with a prolonged release?

A
  • progesterone contraception

- testosterone

23
Q

what are pro-drugs?

A

synthesised inactive derivatives of an active drug which is activated after administration (in the liver; relies on liver metabolism)

24
Q

what are 2 advantages of using prodrugs?

A
  1. prolongation of drug duration and its action

2. avoidance of degradation of the drug in the gut

25
Q

what is the most common example of a buccal/ sublingual drug?

A

GTN for angina (which bypass first pass metabolism)

26
Q

what are main advantages of rectal route medication? (administered as a suppository) -4

A
  • young and old use it
  • patients unable to swallow used it
  • systemic absorption
  • by-pass pre-systemic metabolism
27
Q

what medication is used through vaginal route for local disease/infections?

A
  • pessaries

- creams

28
Q

what are 3 main advantages of injection based drug delivery system?

A
  1. fast and systemic effects by bypassing first-pass metabolism
  2. can be administered to unconscious or comatose patients
  3. drugs have a short half-life and can be infused continuously
29
Q

when can IV drug administration be given? (3)

A
  1. rapid onset of action is required (given slowly to prevent toxicity)
  2. careful control of plasma levels are required (especially when a drug has a narrow therapeutic index)
  3. when drug has a short life
30
Q

what does the drug have to be to be give intramuscularly? (which is prolonged)

A
  1. insoluble

2. formulated in an oil base

31
Q

when can intramuscular injections NEVER be given?

A

if a patient is on anticoagulant for fibrillations as if the patient has any clotting problems, it can make them bleed out

32
Q

what are 3 examples of subcutaneous injections?

A
  1. insulin
  2. heparin
  3. narcotic analgesics
33
Q

what does transdermal drug delivery system involve?

A

adhesive patches containing the drug are applied to skin

34
Q

How does the drug travel from the patch into systemic circulation?

A

drug crosses skin surface by diffusion by percutaneous absorption and enters circulation

35
Q

what are 3 examples of percutaneous drugs types?

A
  1. creams
  2. ointments
  3. skin patches
36
Q

what is main disadvantage to percutaneous drugs such as creams/ointments?

A

dose is difficult to establish and achieve

37
Q

what are some of the examples of drugs being released from skin patches?

A
  1. nicotine (for smokers)
  2. nitroglycerin (for angina)
  3. opiates (for pain)
  4. HRT (hormonal replacement therapy)
  5. contraception
38
Q

How can inhalation medication be administered?-4

A
  1. pressurised aerosol
  2. breath actuated aerosol
  3. nebuliser
  4. dry powder devise
39
Q

what are main advantages to drug delivery method of inhalation?-5

A
  • drug delivery directly to site of action
  • rapid effect
  • small doses used
  • little systemic absorption
  • reduced adverse effects
40
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies?

A

induce immunological response to cancer cells by binding to cancer specific antigen.
They are modified for delivery of a toxin, cytokine or other active drug.

41
Q

what is a liposomal drug? (literally)

A

Drug in a very small globule of fat

42
Q

what are some advantages to liposomal drugs? (3)

A
  • reduced toxicity with enhanced efficiency
  • reduced distribution to sensitive tissue (has target delivery of drugs)
  • drug only accumulates at disease sites
43
Q

what does nanoparticle based drug delivery aim to achieve?

A

the drug can be targeted to a precise location which would reduce side-effects and make drug more effective

44
Q

what are carbon nanotubules used to treat?

A

bronchial asthma

45
Q

what are gold nanoparticles used to treat?

A

cancer chemotherapy

46
Q

what are the 3 nanocarriers used in nano-based drug delivery?

A
  1. nanoparticle
  2. nanotubule
  3. nanoshell
47
Q

what are nanoerythrosomes used to treat?

A

liver tumours, parasitic disease and enzyme disease (can carry enzymes, proteins and macromolecules)

48
Q

what are 2 examples of drugs which have been synthesised to increase their efficiency and target specific tissue they act on?

A
  1. dendrimer

2. modified buckyball

PoD topics (34 decks)

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