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PoD topics > Principles of Immunisation > Flashcards

Principles of Immunisation Flashcards

1
Q

what does passive immunity mean?

A

the body NOT making its own antibodies but need to be GIVEN to the body instead

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2
Q

what is natural passive immunity?

A

passed through mammal milk (IgA) or placenta (IgG)

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3
Q

what is artificial passive immunity?

A

passed through antibody (immunoglobulin) injection by antibodies against a specific organism ( post-exposure injection e.g. rabies)

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4
Q

what are 2 types of artificial passive immunity?

A
  1. human natural immunoglobulin; contains ALL antibodies, proteins excreted from pooled blood donations
  2. Human specific immunoglobulin; SELECTED blood donors with high antibodies for a specific organism (post-exposure injection)
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5
Q

Human normal immunoglobulin for post-exposure prophylaxis (preventive measure) is given for what 4 conditions usually?

A
  1. hepA
  2. measles
  3. polio
  4. rubella
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6
Q

Specific immunoglobulin for post-exposure prophylaxis (preventive measure) is given for what 4 conditions usually?

A
  1. hepB
  2. rabies
  3. tetanus
  4. varicella-zoster virus
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7
Q

what are main advantages of passive immunity? (2)

A
  1. immediate protection

2. works well in emergency situations when disease enters the body

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8
Q

what are main disadvantages of passive immunity? (3)

A
  1. short term effect ( no immunological memory)
  2. serum sickness (new antibody recognised as foreign and can lead to anaphylaxis)
  3. incoming immune cells reject the recipient
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9
Q

what is meant by active immunity?

A

the body makes ITS OWN antibodies (antigen stimulates an immune response)

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10
Q

what is natural active immunity?

A

exposure to infection (from the outside environment)

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11
Q

what is artificial active immunity?

A

vaccination ( the body makes its own antibodies when antigen from vaccine enters the body)

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12
Q

what are main advantages of active immunity? (2)

A
  • long term immunity (may be life long)

- has immunological memory (adaptive)

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13
Q

what is the main disadvantage of active immunity?

A
  • no immediate effect, takes time to develop (but next response will be much faster if encounters the antigen again)
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14
Q

what are 3 main diseases we vaccinate against from early childhood?

A

measles, mumps and rubella

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15
Q

what happens at primary response?

A

Immune response is relatively slow at first antigen exposure but creates memory cells.
-IgM remains slightly higher than IgG (both relatively low)

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16
Q

what happens at secondary response?

A

Immune response is much quicker and effective at second antigen response.
- IgM remains the same but IgG production increases significantly

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17
Q

what are 2 types of vaccines?

A
  1. temporary (febrile/fever illness, pregnant women can’t be given live attenuated vaccines)
  2. permanent (allergy)
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18
Q

how do vaccines work?

A
  • disease causing organism contains antigens
  • antigens stimulate production of antibodies in the body
  • antibodies bind to organism and lead to its destruction
  • memory B cells are made
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19
Q

why can’t live and virulent organisms be used?

A

they would cause the disease, they’re too dangerous

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20
Q

what is a live attenuated vaccine?

A
  • attenuated/inactivated pathogenic organism by repeated passage in cell culture or non-human host
  • attenuation happens by aging or changing growth conditions
  • excellent “teachers’ of immune system
  • elicit strong cellular and antibody response (lifelong immunity)
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21
Q

what group of people cannot be given a live vaccine?

A
  • immunocompromised patients
    -pregnant women
    (in case pathogen mutates back to original form)
22
Q

what vaccines use live attenuated vaccines?

A
  • MMR
  • BCG
  • polio
  • varicella zoster virus
  • yellow fever
23
Q

disadvantages of live attenuated vaccine?

A
  • possibility pathogen could mutate back to original and virulent form
24
Q

advantages of live attenuated vaccine?

A
  • lifelong immunity without requiring booster shots
  • multiply quickly
  • most successful
  • cause a large immune response
25
Q

what is an inactivated vaccine?

A
  • produced by KILLING the disease causing microbe with a chemical (formaldehyde), heat or radiation
26
Q

what vaccines use inactivated vaccines?

A
  • bubonic plague
  • typhoid
  • HepA
  • rabies
27
Q

what are advantages of an inactivated vaccine?

A
  • don’t require refrigeration and can be easily stored
  • more safe and stable than life vaccine
  • accessible to people in developing countries
28
Q

what are disadvantages to inactivated vaccines?

A
  • stimulate a weaker immune response (less effective)
  • often require an adjuvant (booster)
  • no longlasting immunity
  • booster shots required to maintain long immunity
29
Q

what are 3 types of inactivated vaccine?

A
  1. killed organism (pertussis vaccine)
  2. inactivated microbial exotoxin (tetanus toxoid)
  3. purified fractions of microorganism (pneumococcus vaccine)
30
Q

what are acellular vaccines?

A

uses only the antigenic part of the disease causing organism (capsule, flagella or part of the protein cell wall)

31
Q

what vaccines use acellular vaccines?

A

haemophilus influenza B (HIB)

32
Q

what are advantages of an acellular vaccine?

A
  • cannot cause the disease

- safe for immunocompromised patients (like killed vaccines)

33
Q

what are disadvantages of acellular vaccine?

A
  • don’t induce a strong immune response

- may require a booster to ensure long lasting immunity

34
Q

what are toxoid vaccines?

A

Used when bacterial toxin is the cause of disease. Vaccines are made from toxins; toxins are inactivated by treating them with formalin (detoxified toxins)
- when immune system receives a harmless toxoid, it learns how to fight off the natural toxin

35
Q

when are toxins changed to toxoids?

A

when toxins are treated with aluminium or adsorbed onto aluminium salts to decrease its harmful effects

36
Q

what vaccines use toxoid vaccines?

A
  • tetanus
  • diphtheria
  • pertussis
37
Q

what are disadvantages to toxoid vaccines?

A
  • induce weak immune response

- require adjuvant/booster

38
Q

what is a vaccine using related organism?

A
  • organism which is similar to virulent organism is used which doesn’t cause the serious disease.
    (eg. when Jenner used cowpox to make smallpox vaccine)
39
Q

what vaccines use vaccine using related organism?

A

BCG (protects against TB)

40
Q

what is the disadvantage to vaccines using related organism?

A

requires booster every 3-4 years

41
Q

what are subunit vaccines?

A
  • includes only the antigens which best stimulate the immune response.
  • genes are isolated which code for appropriate subunits from the genome of the infectious agent.
  • genetic bacterium is placed into bacteria/yeast host cells which produce large quantities of subunit molecules by transcribing or translating inserted foreign DNA
  • subunit molecules are encoded by genetic material from the INFECTIOUS agent not from host cell’s genetic material
  • foreign molecules are isolated, purified and used in vaccine
  • epitopes (part of antigen that t cell recognise) isolated
42
Q

what is the main advantage of subunit vaccines?

A
  • chances of adverse reactions are low
  • strong immune response stimulated
  • safe to use in immunocompromised patients
  • cannot cause the disease
43
Q

what vaccines are made using the subunit vaccine?

A

HepB vaccine

44
Q

what are conjugate vaccines?

A

links antigens and toxoids from the microbe that an infant’s immune system can recognise to the polysaccharides coatings on bacteria’s cell wall

  • this is because polysaccharide coatings disguise bacterial antigens so that the immature immune systems of infants cannot recognise and respond to them
  • allows body to defend itself against disease causing bacterium
45
Q

what vaccines use the conjugate vaccines?

A

HepB, Petussis and HPV

46
Q

what are DNA vaccines?

A
  • still at experimental stages
  • uses only genetic material
  • cells will take up DNA from microbe’s antigens and make antigen molecules
47
Q

what are main advantages of DNA vaccines?

A
  • stimulates strong immune response to free-floating antigen secreted by cells
  • cannot cause the disease
  • easy and inexpensive design
48
Q

what are adjuvants?

A

substance which enhances the body’s immune response to an antigen

49
Q

what is a common adjuvant?

A

aluminium salts (cause mild inflammatory reaction, are safe and generate memory)

50
Q

what is the aim of herd immunity?

A

reduced the risk of unvaccinated individuals being exposed to infection. Individuals who cannot be vaccinated will benefit from herd immunity and route vaccination programmes

51
Q

what are important vaccinations for travellers?

A
  • hepA
  • typhoid
  • meningitis
  • cholera and yellow fever
  • Japanese encephalitis
  • rabies
  • tick-borne encephalitis

PoD topics (34 decks)

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