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PoD topics > Parasites > Flashcards

Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

What is a parasite? (wide range of pathogens)

A
  • organism that lives in another organism (host) and gets its food at the expense of this host (depends on host for survival)
  • simple organism
  • More complex than bacteria
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2
Q

what disease causes the most deaths globally?

A

Malaria

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3
Q

What are the 3 classifications of parasites?

A
  1. protozoa
  2. helminths (worms)
  3. arthropods
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4
Q

What are some of the main properties of protozoa? (3)

A
  1. microscopic (single celled)
  2. can be free living (on its own) or parasitic in nature
  3. can multiply in humans
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5
Q

What are the 2 ways that protozoa can be transmitted and where is each found?

A
  1. faecal- oral route; lives in human intestine

2. arthropod vector; lives in tissues or blood (blood transfusion)

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6
Q

What are some of the main symptoms of malaria?

A

Flu like symptoms: fever (pyrexia), chills,profuse sweating, nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting, blood in stool, muscle pain

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7
Q

What is the parasite species which causes malaria?

A

Plasmodium falciparum (p. falciparum)

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8
Q

What is the mosquito species which spreads malaria?

A

Anopheles mosquito

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9
Q

Which diagnostic technique is used to detect parasiteamia which shows infected red cells?

A

Giemsa stain (stains thick and thin blood films)

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10
Q

When p. falciparum is injected into the skin, what is it called and where do mature and re- enter?

A

Sporozoites (early stage in the life cycle); mature in the liver and re-enter the circulation

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11
Q

What do sporozoites mature into and what do these do?

A

Merozoites; invade RBCs, multiply and lyse cells. They t re-infect again

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12
Q

What form does the parasite have to be in to be taken up by the mosquito?

A

Sexual form (of the cycle)

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13
Q

What are the 2 most common malaria control methods?

A
  1. insecticide treated mosquito nets (ITN)

2. prophylaxis (preventive treatment)

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14
Q

What is the name of the parasite which causes dysentery?

A

entamoeba histolytica (e. histolytica)

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15
Q

What are some of the main symptoms of dysentery?

A

diarrhoea with blood/ pus/ mucus, nausea and vomiting, chills, abdominal pain, pain in passing stool, fatigue

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16
Q

What can dysentery lead to in late disease once it becomes intestinal and extra intestinal?

A

Liver abscesses

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17
Q

What is the active/ feeding stage of the entamoeba histolytica parasite called and what does it do?

A

Trophozoite: it ingests RBCs by throwing out pseudopodia (extension of the cytoplasm)

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18
Q

What does cutaneous and muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis mean?

A

causes skin and mucosal ulceration

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19
Q

What are leishmaniasis symptoms?

A

fever, weight loss, hepato-spleenomegaly (swelling), neuralgia (pain in nerves)

20
Q

What is another name for visceral leishmaniasis?

A

“flesh eating” disease

21
Q

What are the 3 types of leishmaniasis and what do they effect?

A
  1. cutaneous; affects skin (skin ulceration)
  2. sub-cutaneous: affects mucosal membranes
  3. visceral: affects internal organs such as spleen and liver (most dangerous and often fatal)
22
Q

How is leishmaniasis diagnosed?

A

Through biopsy (histological diagnosis)

23
Q

What are the 3 main protozoal infections?

A
  1. malaria
  2. dysentery
  3. leishmaniasis
24
Q

What are the 3 main protozoa?

A
  1. malaria 2. amoebae 3. flagellates
25
Q

what are the 3 main helminths?

A
  1. roundworm (nermatode)
  2. tapeworm (cestode)
  3. flat worm (trematode)
26
Q

what are the 3 main arthropods?

A
  1. lice 2. ticks 3. mites
27
Q

What is the name of the pinworm infection? (roundworm)

A

eneterobiasis vermicularis

28
Q

what is the diagnosis of nematodes?

A

press adhesive sellotape against the perianal region in the morning (ova also seen in microscopy)

29
Q

What is an example of one of the most common and biggest nematodes?

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

30
Q

How does ascaris lumbricoides develop?

A

Ingested eggs hatch in small intestine, larvae carried to the lungs and are swallowed again, adult worms inhabit and develop in small intestine

31
Q

What can obstruction of the small intestine or common bile duct by ascaris lumbricoides cause?

A

jaundice

32
Q

Is ascaris lumbricoides symptomatic? (roundworm)

A

Usually asymptomatic but can have transient/short pulmonary symptoms (Loefller’s syndrome)

33
Q

What are the two examples of a tapeworm (cestode) found in their intermediate hosts, beef and pork?

A

Taenia saginata- found in beef

Taenia solium- found in pork

34
Q

What do tapeworms taenia saginata and taenia solium cause?

A

Tissue cysts in infected humans (definitive hosts)

35
Q

What is the example of the most common tapeworm (cestode) which is carried by dogs and animals generally?

A

Echinococcus species

36
Q

What does echinococcus (tapeworm) cause in the liver?

A

Hydatid cyst (contains watery fluid and tapeworm)

37
Q

If a hydatid cyst was accidentally punctured, what would this cause?

A

Aphylaxis (severe allergic reaction which can be fatal)

38
Q

What is an example of the most common fluke (caused by a flat worm?

A

Schistosomiasis

39
Q

What are the 3 main schistosomiasis species?

A
  1. S. haematobium (bladder)
  2. S. mansoni (intestinal)
  3. S. japonicum (intestinal)- MOST DANGREROUS
40
Q

What do miracidia (free swimming schistosomiasis stage) use as their intermediate host?

A

Snails

41
Q

What happens to cercaria once they penetrate human skin? (where do they move to?)

A

Liver and lungs, then once matured move to mesenteric and bladder venules

42
Q

What does schistosomiasis lead to?

A

Katayama fever

43
Q

What does schistosoma haematobium cause?

A
  • haematuria (blood in urine)

- bladder cancer

44
Q

What are the main diagnostic techniques for identifying parasites?

A
  • blood films (for malaria: thick and thin films)

- serology: detection of antibodies when parasites present in deep tissue sites

45
Q

What two factors indicate a helminth infection (worm infection)

A
  • elevated IgE

- eosinophilia

46
Q

What 3 microscopy stages can be present in parasitology?

A
  • parasite
  • cysts
  • ova

PoD topics (34 decks)

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