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PoD topics > Introduction to fungi > Flashcards

Introduction to fungi Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of fungi called?

A

Mycology

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2
Q

What are the 4 main opportunistic systematic mycoses?

A
  1. candida albicans
  2. cryptococcus neoformans
  3. aspergillus fumigatus
  4. superficial mycoses
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3
Q

What is a mycosis?

A

Fungal infection

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4
Q

What does candida albicans affect?

A

oesophageal/ oral, systematic and vaginal areas

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5
Q

What does cryptococcus neoformans affect?

A

central nervous system (CNS)

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6
Q

What does aspergillus fumigatus affect?

A

Pumonary and respiratory areas

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7
Q

what does superificial mycoses affect? (dermatophytosis/ onchomycosis)

A

affects skin

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8
Q

What is the definition of fungi?

A

chemo- organotrophic eukaryote that lacks chlorophyll and forms spores

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9
Q

What is a fungal cell wall made up of? what are its 2 components?

A

Polysaccharides:

made of chitin or glucan (both polymers of different carbohydrates) and it absorbs nutrients

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10
Q

What does the fungi cell membrane contain that is the equivalent of human cholesterol? -major sterol

A

ergosterol

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11
Q

what is classification of fungi based on? (cell appearance of fungi)

A

cell morphology

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12
Q

Why are fungi difficult to treat at times?

A

because they are multicellular

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13
Q

What are 3 main fungal groups which cause disease in humans?and what are their sexual spores called?

A
  1. basidiomycetes (basidiospore)
  2. Ascomycetes (ascospores)
  3. Zygomycetes (zygospores)
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14
Q

What are each of the 3 fungal group’s asexual spores?

A
  1. basidiomycetes (conidium spore)
  2. ascomycetes (conidium)
  3. Zygomycetes (sporangiospore)
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15
Q

What are examples of basidiomycetes? (1)

A

Mushrooms: cryptococcus species has basidiospores on top of hypha

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16
Q

What are examples of ascomycetes?(3)

A

neurospora saccharomyces, saccharomyces cerevisiae, candida aspergillus species

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17
Q

What are examples of zygomyces?

A

Bread moulds e.g. rhizopus species

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18
Q

What fungi species causes athelete’s foot? (2)

A
  1. epidermophyton microsporum

2. trichophyton species

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19
Q

What fungi species causes trush?

A

Candida species (infection of mucus membranes)

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20
Q

What fungi causes pityriasis versicolor? (patchy skin)

A

malassexia species

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21
Q

What are dermatophytes?

A

“Ringworm infections”, usually called tinea.

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22
Q

What do dermatophytes (ringworm infections) cause?

A

skin, hair and nail infections ( obtains nutrients from keratinised material)

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23
Q

What are the 3 types of fungi which are causative agents of ringworms (tinea)?

A
  • epidermophyton species
  • microsporum species
  • trichophyton species
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24
Q

What are 8 positive sites of infection for dermatophytes?

A
  1. infected hair shafts
  2. face
  3. beard areas
  4. on skin (toes, scalp, groin, other places on skin)
  5. groin area
  6. on hands
  7. feet
  8. toes
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25
Q

What does putyriasis versicolor cause?

A

skin patches become scaly and discoloured

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26
Q

What yeast species causes pytyriasis versicolor?

A

Malassexia species

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27
Q

What does candida species infect? What patients are at risk?

A

Infects deep organs.

Patients at risk are those with immune dysfunction (e.g. surgical patients)

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28
Q

What does aspergillus species infect? What patients are at risk?

A

Infects deep organs.

Patients at risk are those undergoing chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation

29
Q

When do fungal infections become especially problematic?

A

When they spread into the bloodstream

30
Q

What are 2 ways that immunosuppression can arise? (which increases risk of a fungal infection)

A
  1. latrogenic way (medical treatment)

2. Disease process

31
Q

What are some latrogenic factors which cause immunosuppression? (3)

A
  • steroids
  • anti-cancer chemotherapy
  • solid organ transplantation
32
Q

What are some disease processes which cause immunosuppression? ( 3)

A
  1. AIDS
  2. leukemia
  3. endocrinopathies (disease in endocrine glands)
33
Q

What is the most known/ researched fungus species?

A

Candida species

34
Q

What puts people at risk of a candida infection? (5)

A
  1. age
  2. antibiotic therapy
  3. endocrine disorders
  4. immune defects and suppression
  5. surgery
35
Q

What are candida species?

A

yeast

36
Q

what does the shape of yeast depend on?

A

the environment it’s found in

37
Q

What are the 5 main candida species?

A
  1. candida albicans
  2. candida tropicalis
  3. candida glabrata
  4. candida krusei
  5. candida parapsilosis
38
Q

What are the main infections in the body caused by candida species? (7)

A
  1. oral
  2. vaginal
  3. skin
  4. nail
  5. oesophageal
  6. urinary
  7. dissemination infections (spread to other body locations)
39
Q

what 2 categories are clinical diseases spread into and what do they affect?

A
  1. superficial; mouth, vagina, penis, skin, nails

2. Deep-seated; disseminated infections in immunocompromised patients with neutropenia, burns, after surgery etc.

40
Q

How does a Chronic mucocutaneous candida infection arise? (what do the individuals have?)

A

combination of endocrine and immune dysfunction

41
Q

What is an example of a chronic mucocutaneous candida infection?

A

APECED (autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy)

42
Q

What patients develop aspergillosis?

A

TB and COPD patients

43
Q

What symptoms are associated with aspergillosis? (5)

A
  • coughing up mucus or mucus with blood
  • shortness of breath
  • persistent cough
  • fatigue
  • pyrexia
  • weight loss
44
Q

What is aspergillosis caused by?

A

Environmental moulds (we breathe them in all the time)

45
Q

What is the special property of aspergillosis fungi?

A

They are strongly angioinvasive (can penetrate wall of blood vessels) and have thread-like growth

46
Q

What are 2 main aspergillosis causative species?

A
  1. aspergillus fumigatus
  2. aspergillus flavus
    (plus other species on rare occasions)
47
Q

What 5 common human diseases are caused by aspergillosis?

A
  1. simple asthma
  2. asthma with eisinophilia
  3. aspergilloma (clumps of mould)
  4. invasive bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (associated with haematological malignancy)
  5. disseminated aspergillosis
48
Q

What can cryptococcosis do which makes it unique and what does it cause?

A

Cross blood brain barrier and causes meningitis

49
Q

What indicates cryptococcus?

A

Polysaccharide rich capsule (yeast have a CAPSULE)

50
Q

How does cryptococcus and aspergillosis get into our body?

A

Spores are inhaled from the environment

51
Q

what are 2 main species which cause cryptococcosis?

A
  1. Cryptococcus neoformans

2. cryptococcus gattii

52
Q

what 3 human disease are caused by cryptococcosis?

A
  1. pulmonary cryptococcosis
  2. meningitis (particularly in AIDS patients)
  3. disseminated infection in severely compromised hosts (in other body areas)
53
Q

what are some of the main diagnostic methods for cryptococcosis? (4)

A
  1. histopathology
  2. high resolution CT scans
  3. skin scrapings
  4. direct smears
    (biopsies used to be done)
54
Q

What do C.albicans form?

A

Hyphal germ tubes in serum (which can differentiate to form hyphae)

These can be very easily identified under the microscope or screening

55
Q

What are the 5 main diagnostic methods for fungi?

A
  1. direct detection (histopathology, high res. CT scans)
  2. detects of circulating fungal antigens
  3. detection of circulating antibodies to fungi
  4. PCR for fungal DNA
  5. Culture of fungus from normally sterile site
56
Q

What are the 3 main antifungals used in Europe?

A
  1. triazoles and allylamines (azoles)
  2. echinocandins
  3. polyenes
57
Q

What is the antifungal family used mainly in Africa?

A

Flucytosine

58
Q

What do Triazole and allylamines target?

A

Sterols in fungi

59
Q

What do polyenes target?

A

membrane of fungi (very toxic and high spectrum of activity)

60
Q

What do echinocandins target?

A

cell wall of fungi (have limited spectrum of activity) as they target enzymes in the wall which make up the glucan

61
Q

what does flucytosine target?

A

DNA synthesis

62
Q

What are the main problems associated with antifungals? (6)

A
  1. their spectrum of activity
  2. static (keeps balance) or cidal (kills)
  3. IV or oral
  4. toxicity
  5. resistance
  6. cost
63
Q

What does cidal mean?

A

Kills organism without relying on patient’s immune system to help

64
Q

what does static mean?

A

used to prevent the organism from multiplying but it’s the patient’s own immune system which kills it off and leads to recovery, not the medication

65
Q

what antifungal family has the broadest spectrum of activity?

A

polyenes (by binding to ergosterol and punching holes in its membrane)

66
Q

what do echinocandins target specifically in the cell wall?

A

Glucan (if there is 0 present, fungal cell dies)

67
Q

What are common polyene antifungals? and how are they administered? (2)

A
  1. amphotericin B ( topical, IV, lozenge, ointment, oral suspension)
  2. nystatin (topical, pastill, oral suspension)
68
Q

What are common azole antifungals? and how are they administered? (6)

A
  1. clotriazole, miconazole (topical)
  2. fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole (oral or IV)
  3. posaconazole (oral)
69
Q

What are common echinocandins? how are they administered? (3)

A
  1. anidulafungin
  2. caspofungin
  3. micafungin
    (all IV)

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