Stomach

Question 1

What is the abdomen?

Answer 1

• The body cavity between the diaphragm and the pelvic inlet
• It is separated from the thorax but not the pelvis
• It is a multi-layered musculoaponeurotic wall
• Adipose tissue

Question 2

What are the 9 regions of the abdomen?

Answer 2

1. R hypochondrium
2. Epigastric
3. L hypochondrium
4. R lumbar
5. Umbilical
6. L lumbar
7. R iliac fossa
8. Suprapubic
9. L iliac fossa

Question 3

What is found in the R hypochondrium region of the abdomen?

Answer 3

The liver

Question 4

What is found in the L hypochondrium/epigastric region of the abdomen?

Answer 4

The stomach

Question 5

What is found in the R lumbar region of the abdomen?

Answer 5

Parts of the large intestine

Question 6

What is found in the umbilical region of the abdomen?

Answer 6

Parts of the small intestine

Question 7

What is found in the R iliac fossa region of the abdomen?

Answer 7

The appendix

Question 8

What is meant by distension?

Answer 8

• The ability to fill up

Question 9

What is anterior and superior to the stomach

Answer 9

• Lower ribs/diaphragm

- Liver

Question 10

What is the second largest organ in the body?

Answer 10

The liver

Question 11

What is the largest organ in the body?

Answer 11

Skin

Question 12

What is posterior and inferior to the stomach?

Answer 12

• Diaphragm
• Spleen
• Kidney (L)
• Adrenal gland
• Pancreas

Question 13

What is Omentum?

Answer 13

A fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs

Question 14

Where does the greater Omentum attach to the stomach?

Answer 14

The greater curvature of the stomach

Question 15

What are the 4 areas if the stomach?

Answer 15

• Cardia (next to heart)
• Fundus (where air sits)
• Body (main)
• Pylorus (next to the pyloric sphincter)

Question 16

What is the name of the sphincter between the stomach and the duodenum?

Answer 16

The pyloric sphincter

Question 17

what are the different layers of the stomach?

Answer 17

in the stomach as well as the inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer of muscle there is an additional layer - so 3 layers of muscle in total
- The additional layer is called the oblique layer

Question 18

What is the function of the additional layer of muscle in the stomach (the oblique layer)?

Answer 18

To make sure there is churning in the stomach

Question 19

What are the functions of the stomach?

Answer 19

• Stores swallowed food
• ‘Retention’ of food
• Mixing of gastric ‘juice’
• Chemical and mechanical functions
• Limited absorption except alcohol

Question 20

Where are mucous secreting cells located in the stomach and what do they secrete?

Answer 20

• Luminal surface and gastric pits

- Alkaline secretions which protect stomach acid from damaging the rest of the body if leakage of gastric ‘juices’

Question 21

What do parietal cells secrete?

Answer 21

• HCl

- Intrinsic factor (need for vitamin B12 absorption)

Question 22

What do chief cells secrete?

Answer 22

• Pepsinogen (inactive form): converted into pepsin by HCl for protein digestion

Question 23

What do endocrine cells secrete in the stomach?

Answer 23

Gastrin - Hormones that increase contractions of later part of the GIT

Question 24

What is the blood supply of the stomach?

Answer 24

• The greater curvature of the stomach receives its blood supply from the left gastroepiploic artery along its top edge and from the right gastroepiploic along its lower edge
• The upper portion of the greater curvature of the stomach, along with the fundus, receives blood from the short gastric artery
• The lesser curvature of the stomach receives blood from the left gastric artery (this also supplies the cardia region) and the right gastric artery

Question 25

What is the venous drainage of the stomach?

Answer 25

• R and L gastric arteries –> portal vein
• Short gastric veins and L gastroepiploic –> splenic –> superior mesenteric
• R gastroepiploic –> superior mesenteric

Question 26

What are oesophageal varices?

Answer 26

• If pressure in the liver is increased it backflows through the veins in the stomach and into the oesophagus
• If these veins balloon they burst, due to increased portal pressure

Question 27

What is the name for increased portal pressure?

Answer 27

Portal hypertension

Question 28

What is gastric by-pass surgery - Roux-en-Y?

Answer 28

An anastomosis of the distal divided end of the small bowel to another organ such as the stomach, pancreas or oesophagus. The proximal end is anastomosed t the small bowel below the anastomosis

Question 29

Why do you need to re-connect the duodenum after gastric bypass surgery?

Answer 29

Because of bile and pancreatic secretions