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BDS1 The Alimentary System > Liver and Pancreas > Flashcards

Liver and Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant when describing the pancreas as a ‘dual purpose’ gland?

A
  • Has both an exocrine and endocrine portion
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2
Q

What percentage of the pancreas is exocrine glands?

A

99%

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3
Q

What is included in the endocrine portion of the pancreas?

A
  • Islets of Langerhans
  • Secretes hormones: insulin, glucagon and somatostatin
  • Insulin: reduces blood glucose
  • Glucagon: increases blood glucose
  • Somatostatin: Reduces smooth muscle contractions
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4
Q

What is included in the exocrine potion of the pancreas?

A
  • Many digestive enzymes

- Bicarbonate ions

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5
Q

What is the name of the functional unit of the pancreas?

A

Acinus

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6
Q

What enzymes are found from the acinus in the pancreas?

A
  • Amylase: partial breakdown of starch
  • Lipase: fat digestion
  • Trypsin, chymotrypsin: active forms of enzymes - breakdown of proteins from complex proteins to AA
  • Nucleases: break down nucleic acids
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7
Q

Where is bicarbonate secreted from in the pancreas and what is its function?

A
  • Secreted from ducts

- Neutralises gastric acid

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8
Q

What are the different areas of the pancreas?

A
  • Head
  • Neck
  • Body
  • Tail
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9
Q

What does the pancreas open into the duodenum through?

A
  • The sphincter of Oddi

- Bile is also released into the duodenum from here

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10
Q

What cells are the islets of Langerhans comprised of?

A
  • Alpha cells (15%): glucagon
  • Beta cells (80%): insulin
  • Delta cells (5%): somatostatin
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11
Q

Which type of cells are the islets of Langerhans mainly comprised of?

A

Beta cells (80%) which produce insulin

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12
Q

What is the purpose of centroacinar cells?

A

IS to produce ducts

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13
Q

What disease affects the exocrine portion of the pancreas?

A
  • Cystic fibrosis
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14
Q

What does cystic fibrosis cause?

A
  • Abnormal, thick secretions
  • Damage to lungs, liver and pancreas
  • Destruction of primarily exocrine pancreas
  • reduced digestive function
  • malabsorption
  • steatorrhea
  • Can affect the salivary glands
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15
Q

What is steatorrhea?

A

Fatty poo - cannot breakdown fat by lipase

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16
Q

What can happen to a persons hands as a result of an abnormality of the pancreas?

A

Clubbed fingers

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17
Q

What part of the pancreas is affected by pancreatic cancer?

A

The head of the pancreas

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18
Q

What can pancreatic cancer cause?

A
  • A biliary obstruction
  • Obstructive jaundice
  • Early metastasis
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19
Q

What is metastasis?

A

The transfer of disease from one organ to another not directly connected with it

20
Q

Why can the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer be traumatic to a patient?

A
  • Patient has about 6-9 months to live
  • Reason why so difficult - basically no treatment, when cut into pancreas causes autodigestion here the pancreas starts destroying itself
21
Q

What is the second largest organ in the body?

22
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A
  • Metabolism
  • material absorbed from GIT
  • storage of glycogen
  • Release of glucose
  • Protein synthesis
  • need proteins to hold things around the blood - make sure pressure in blood is about the same - many proteins produced in liver are carrier proteins
  • Inactivation of hormones, drugs
  • Excretion of waste
  • Produces bile
  • Produces clotting factors
23
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the liver?

A
  • Right
  • Left
  • Caudate
  • Quadrate
24
Q

What is the name for liver cells?

A

Hepatocytes

25
What is the ductus venosus?
- 50% of the mums blood supply goes to the liver of the baby - The purpose of the ductus venosus is to divert blood from liver directly to babies heart - When you cut the umbilical cord, ductus venosus closes
26
What do hepatocytes produce?
Bile
27
What does bile contain?
- Lipid emulsifiers (bile salts) | - Waste products including bile pigments (bilirubin)
28
Where is bile stored and concentrated?
The gall bladder
29
What is the process of the biliary system?
Bile is produced in the liver --> travels down right and left hepatic duct --> then passes into gall bladder *CCK - when released stimulates contraction of the gall bladder and secretion of pancreatic juice
30
What is endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography?
- The way in which you can pass a scope down and pass it into the pancreatic duct - Put scope into the duodenum through the oral cavity - then inject upwards into common bile duct - Allows you to see if there are any biliary constructions
31
What does the hepatic portal vein drain?
- Unpaired abdominal organs (drains everything in the abdomen where there is only one of them)
32
What happens to almost all material absorbed from the GIT?
- Enters the hepatic portal vein - Passes though the liver - Processed
33
What does the superior mesenteric vein drain?
Small intestine and some of large intestine
34
What does the inferior mesenteric vein drain?
Last part of the large intestine
35
What is the function of the spleen?
The filtration of blood
36
What are the 2 sources of blood supply of the liver?
- Hepatic artery (coeliac trunk) | - Hepatic portal vein (drains LI, spleen and SI)
37
where do sinusoids drain to?
The hepatic vein (drains all of liver blood - takes blood from liver back to heart - hepatic veins link into inferior vena cava)
38
What does bile flow in the opposite direction to?
Blood draining through the hepatic vein
39
What is included within a 'portal triad' in the liver?
- Portal vein - Hepatic artery - Bile canaliculus
40
What is the liver densely populated with and how long can it store this?
- Densely populated with iron | - Liver can store this up to 6 months
41
What is hepatomegaly?
Big liver - can be due to a number of reasons
42
What is cirrhosis?
Normal liver cells are damaged and are then replaced by scar tissue
43
What is viral hepatitis?
Inflammation of liver due to a virus
44
What is obstructive jaundice?
A lesion on the liver that blocks the flow of bile - causes backflow of bile into blood
45
What is a hepatic carcinoma?
Liver cancer - primarily a hepatic carcinoma in western world is quite rare - usually spread from somewhere else in the body

BDS1 The Alimentary System (7 decks)

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