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BDS1 The Alimentary System > Liver and Pancreas > Flashcards

Liver and Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant when describing the pancreas as a ‘dual purpose’ gland?

A
  • Has both an exocrine and endocrine portion
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2
Q

What percentage of the pancreas is exocrine glands?

A

99%

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3
Q

What is included in the endocrine portion of the pancreas?

A
  • Islets of Langerhans
  • Secretes hormones: insulin, glucagon and somatostatin
  • Insulin: reduces blood glucose
  • Glucagon: increases blood glucose
  • Somatostatin: Reduces smooth muscle contractions
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4
Q

What is included in the exocrine potion of the pancreas?

A
  • Many digestive enzymes

- Bicarbonate ions

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5
Q

What is the name of the functional unit of the pancreas?

A

Acinus

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6
Q

What enzymes are found from the acinus in the pancreas?

A
  • Amylase: partial breakdown of starch
  • Lipase: fat digestion
  • Trypsin, chymotrypsin: active forms of enzymes - breakdown of proteins from complex proteins to AA
  • Nucleases: break down nucleic acids
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7
Q

Where is bicarbonate secreted from in the pancreas and what is its function?

A
  • Secreted from ducts

- Neutralises gastric acid

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8
Q

What are the different areas of the pancreas?

A
  • Head
  • Neck
  • Body
  • Tail
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9
Q

What does the pancreas open into the duodenum through?

A
  • The sphincter of Oddi

- Bile is also released into the duodenum from here

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10
Q

What cells are the islets of Langerhans comprised of?

A
  • Alpha cells (15%): glucagon
  • Beta cells (80%): insulin
  • Delta cells (5%): somatostatin
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11
Q

Which type of cells are the islets of Langerhans mainly comprised of?

A

Beta cells (80%) which produce insulin

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12
Q

What is the purpose of centroacinar cells?

A

IS to produce ducts

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13
Q

What disease affects the exocrine portion of the pancreas?

A
  • Cystic fibrosis
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14
Q

What does cystic fibrosis cause?

A
  • Abnormal, thick secretions
  • Damage to lungs, liver and pancreas
  • Destruction of primarily exocrine pancreas
  • reduced digestive function
  • malabsorption
  • steatorrhea
  • Can affect the salivary glands
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15
Q

What is steatorrhea?

A

Fatty poo - cannot breakdown fat by lipase

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16
Q

What can happen to a persons hands as a result of an abnormality of the pancreas?

A

Clubbed fingers

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17
Q

What part of the pancreas is affected by pancreatic cancer?

A

The head of the pancreas

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18
Q

What can pancreatic cancer cause?

A
  • A biliary obstruction
  • Obstructive jaundice
  • Early metastasis
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19
Q

What is metastasis?

A

The transfer of disease from one organ to another not directly connected with it

20
Q

Why can the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer be traumatic to a patient?

A
  • Patient has about 6-9 months to live
  • Reason why so difficult - basically no treatment, when cut into pancreas causes autodigestion here the pancreas starts destroying itself
21
Q

What is the second largest organ in the body?

A

The liver

22
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A
  • Metabolism
  • material absorbed from GIT
  • storage of glycogen
  • Release of glucose
  • Protein synthesis
  • need proteins to hold things around the blood - make sure pressure in blood is about the same - many proteins produced in liver are carrier proteins
  • Inactivation of hormones, drugs
  • Excretion of waste
  • Produces bile
  • Produces clotting factors
23
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the liver?

A
  • Right
  • Left
  • Caudate
  • Quadrate
24
Q

What is the name for liver cells?

A

Hepatocytes

25
Q

What is the ductus venosus?

A
  • 50% of the mums blood supply goes to the liver of the baby
  • The purpose of the ductus venosus is to divert blood from liver directly to babies heart
  • When you cut the umbilical cord, ductus venosus closes
26
Q

What do hepatocytes produce?

A

Bile

27
Q

What does bile contain?

A
  • Lipid emulsifiers (bile salts)

- Waste products including bile pigments (bilirubin)

28
Q

Where is bile stored and concentrated?

A

The gall bladder

29
Q

What is the process of the biliary system?

A

Bile is produced in the liver –> travels down right and left hepatic duct –> then passes into gall bladder
*CCK - when released stimulates contraction of the gall bladder and secretion of pancreatic juice

30
Q

What is endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography?

A
  • The way in which you can pass a scope down and pass it into the pancreatic duct
  • Put scope into the duodenum through the oral cavity - then inject upwards into common bile duct
  • Allows you to see if there are any biliary constructions
31
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein drain?

A
  • Unpaired abdominal organs (drains everything in the abdomen where there is only one of them)
32
Q

What happens to almost all material absorbed from the GIT?

A
  • Enters the hepatic portal vein
  • Passes though the liver
  • Processed
33
Q

What does the superior mesenteric vein drain?

A

Small intestine and some of large intestine

34
Q

What does the inferior mesenteric vein drain?

A

Last part of the large intestine

35
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

The filtration of blood

36
Q

What are the 2 sources of blood supply of the liver?

A
  • Hepatic artery (coeliac trunk)

- Hepatic portal vein (drains LI, spleen and SI)

37
Q

where do sinusoids drain to?

A

The hepatic vein (drains all of liver blood - takes blood from liver back to heart - hepatic veins link into inferior vena cava)

38
Q

What does bile flow in the opposite direction to?

A

Blood draining through the hepatic vein

39
Q

What is included within a ‘portal triad’ in the liver?

A
  • Portal vein
  • Hepatic artery
  • Bile canaliculus
40
Q

What is the liver densely populated with and how long can it store this?

A
  • Densely populated with iron

- Liver can store this up to 6 months

41
Q

What is hepatomegaly?

A

Big liver - can be due to a number of reasons

42
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

Normal liver cells are damaged and are then replaced by scar tissue

43
Q

What is viral hepatitis?

A

Inflammation of liver due to a virus

44
Q

What is obstructive jaundice?

A

A lesion on the liver that blocks the flow of bile - causes backflow of bile into blood

45
Q

What is a hepatic carcinoma?

A

Liver cancer - primarily a hepatic carcinoma in western world is quite rare - usually spread from somewhere else in the body

BDS1 The Alimentary System (7 decks)

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