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BDS1 The Alimentary System > Overview And The Mouth > Flashcards

Overview And The Mouth Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mouth the opening to?

A

The alimentary canal

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2
Q

What is the function of digestion?

A

To process food

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3
Q

What is the process of absorption?

A

Transfer of nutrients to circulation

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4
Q

What are the 2 groups of organs in the alimentary system?

A
  1. Digestive tract

2. Accessory glands e.g. salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, pancreas

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5
Q

What organs and structures are included within the alimentary system?

A
  • Oral cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
  • Large intestines (caecum, ascending, transverse, descending, rectum, anus)
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6
Q

What is the type of epithelium found in the oesophagus and why?

A
  • Stratified squamous (many layers)

- Has a protective role

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7
Q

What is the structure of tissue in the GI system?

A
  • Mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae)
  • Submucosa (contains secretory glands and connective tissue)
  • Muscularis propria (Inner circular, outer longitudinal)
  • Adventitia (contains major blood vessels and large nerves)
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8
Q

What is metaplasia?

A
  • A change in epithelium from one that is normally found in that tissue to one which is not
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9
Q

What is Barrett’s oesophagus?

A
  • A change in epithelium from stratified squamous to columnar epithelium (epithelium from the stomach starts to move upwards into the oesophagus)
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10
Q

What is G.O.R.D

A

Gastro oesophageal reflux disease

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11
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

The presence of cells of an abnormal type within a tissue which may signify a stage preceding the development of cancer

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12
Q

What are fundic glands?

A
  • A gastric gland in the fundus of the stomach
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13
Q

What is coeliac disease?

A
  • An absorptive abnormality
  • Due to callous atrophy (death or loss)
  • Hyperplastic crytps
  • Increase in inflammatory cells (lymphoid cells)
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14
Q

What is a hyperplastic crypt?

A

A small tubular gland which becomes bigger or increases in number

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15
Q

What are 2 examples of absorptive/protective diseases of the GIT?

A
  • Inflammatory bowel disease

- Ulcerative colitis

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16
Q

What are the different functions of the GIT?

A
  • Secretion: lubrication, digestive ‘juices’
  • Digestion: mechanical, chemical
  • Motility: smooth muscle under involuntary control
  • Absorption: Mostly in small intestines
  • Excretion: faeces
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17
Q

How much fluid is excreted through faeces per day?

A

100 ml

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18
Q

How much fluid is absorbed from the body per day?

A

7500 ml

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19
Q

What is meant by mechanical digestion?

A
  • Breakdown of particles

- Ease of movement, mixing

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20
Q

What is meant by chemical digestion?

A
  • Complex –> simple molecules (breakdown)
  • Specific enzymes facilitate process e.g. saliva, pancreas
  • Secreted at different points in GIT
21
Q

What are the different uses of motility in the GIT and where do these occur?

A
  • Mouth: chewing, swallowing
  • Stomach - churning
  • Intestine - peristalsis
  • Mass movement/defaecation
22
Q

What is another name for the mouth?

A

The oral/buccal cavity

23
Q

What is the primary sensory function of the mouth?

A

Senses/taste - heat/cold, spices etc

24
Q

What is the primary motor function of the mouth?

A

Movement/mastication - chewing

25
Q

What are the functions of the mouth other than the primary motor and sensory function?

A
  • Speech
  • Expression
  • Breathing
26
Q

What are the general sensory functions of the mouth?

A
  • Nociception
  • Mechanoreception
  • Thermoreception
27
Q

What is nociception?

A

Pain

28
Q

What is mechanoreception?

A

Movement

29
Q

What is Thermoreception?

A

Heat senses

30
Q

What is the special sensory function of the mouth?

A

Gustation (taste)

31
Q

What does gustation mean?

A

Taste

32
Q

What are ‘higher’ level perceptions in the mouth?

A
  • Do you like something/ the way you feel about things
33
Q

What are the 2 motor functions of the mouth?

A

Feeding

  • Transport e.g. deglutition (swallowing)
  • Breakdown
  • Swallowing

Communication
- Speak/show facial expression

34
Q

What is deglutition?

A

Swallowing

35
Q

What are the functions of salivation in the mouth?

A
  • Protect
  • Lubricate
  • Digestion
36
Q

What is the function of lymphoid tissue in the mouth?

A
  • ‘tonsils’ - first line of defence
37
Q

What are the functions of reflexes in the mouth?

A
  • Swallowing
  • Vomiting
  • Gagging
38
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the mouth?

A

Lips

39
Q

What is the lateral boundary of the mouth?

A

Cheeks

40
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the mouth?

A

Mylohyoid/tongue

41
Q

What is the superior boundary of the mouth?

A

Palate

42
Q

What is the posterior boundary of the mouth?

A

Fauces (pillars)

43
Q

What are the muscles of mastication?

A
  • Temporalis
  • Masseter
  • Medial pterygoid
  • Lateral pterygoid
44
Q

What is the role of the buccinator?

A

Push food and fluid into the centre of the oral cavity

45
Q

What are the 3 major salivary glands?

A
  • Parotid
  • Submandibular
  • Sublingual
46
Q

What are different types of exocrine secretions?

A
  • Salt and water
  • Mucous
  • Amylase
47
Q

What are the different abnormalities/pathologies of salivary glands?

A
  • Mumps: swelling - attacks the parotid gland
  • Sialolithiasis- blocked duct
  • Sialoadenitis - inflammation of gland/duct
  • Tumours e.g. parotid
48
Q

What is Sialolithiasis?

A

A blocked duct

49
Q

What is Sialoadenitis?

A

Inflammation of a gland/duct

BDS1 The Alimentary System (7 decks)

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