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BDS1 The Alimentary System > Alimentary System: Controls > Flashcards

Alimentary System: Controls Flashcards

1
Q

What are the GI tract hormones?

A
  • Cholecystokinin (CCK): bile sack mover
  • Gastrin: produced by G cells within stomach - activated parietal cells which produce HCl which activated chief cells which produce pepsinogen
  • Gastric inhibitory peptide: in response to insulin regulation - does not inhibit stomach
  • Secretin: active in duodenum - reduces gastric acid secretion and increases bicarbonate secretion from pancreas
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2
Q

Where are hormones mostly active in the GIT?

A

Mainly work around the stomach and SI

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3
Q

Where is the somatic nervous system most active in the GIT?

A

At the mouth and the anal canal e.g. tasting and needing the toilet

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4
Q

Where is the autonomic nervous system most active in the GIT?

A

Most active in the middle portion of the GIT

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5
Q

What is secreted in the mouth and what is the function of this?

A

Saliva - Main function is to lubricate food/ buffering and maintaining pH
*has a partial role in digestion

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6
Q

What are the processes f motility in the mouth?

A
  • Chewing

- Swallowing

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7
Q

What cranial nerves control taste (gustation)?

A

CN VII, IX

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8
Q

What cranial nerves control smell (olfaction)?

A

CN I - minor effect in human beings

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9
Q

What cranial nerves control chewing?

A

CN V

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10
Q

What has a minor role in human beings on salivary production?

A
  • ‘Psychic’ stimuli, visual etc. and conditioned reflexes have a minor role in human beings
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11
Q

What are the salivatory stimuli from most influence to least influence in humans?

A
  • Chemical: taste of food (acid is most potent)
  • Mechanical: chewing food
  • Olfactory: smell of food
  • Visual: sight of food
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12
Q

What parts of the face are used for chewing?

A
  • Jaw, facial, tongue muscles

- Skeletal in type: controlled by somatic nerves

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13
Q

What nerves control the process of chewing?

A
  • Voluntary, automatic control via CV V, VII, XII (these nerves initiate the process but then it becomes automatic
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14
Q

What parts of the face are used for swallowing?

A
  • Jaw, tongue and pharyngeal muscles

- Skeletal in type; control by somatic nerves

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15
Q

What nerves control the process of swallowing?

A
  • automatic and reflex control via CN V, IX, X, XII
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16
Q

What type of muscle is the oesophagus?

A
  • Mix of skeletal and smooth muscle
  • upper - skeletal
  • middle - mixed
  • lower - smooth
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17
Q

What nerve controls the oesophagus?

A

CN X

18
Q

What is secreted into the stomach?

A

Gastric juice

19
Q

What are the different processes of motility in the stomach?

A
  • Filling, relaxation
  • Mixing
  • Propulsive: peristalsis
  • Emptying
20
Q

What is the cephalic phase of gastric activity stimuli?

A
  • Mechanical (chewing)
  • Chemical (taste, smell)
  • Psychic (visual, emotional)
21
Q

What is the gastric phase of gastric activity stimuli?

A
  • Mechanical (distension)

- Chemical (food in stomach)

22
Q

What is the intestinal phase of gastric activity stimuli?

A
  • Mechanical (distension)

- Chemical (acid, protein in duodenum)

23
Q

What is the cephalic phase of gastric activity controls?

A
  • Nerves (long reflex): got stimulus at one point which goes to brain for processing then back to organs for response
24
Q

What is the gastric phase of gastric activity controls?

A
  • Nerves (long and short reflexes)

- Hormones (gastrin)

25
Q

What is the intestinal phase of gastric activity controls?

A
  • Nerves (long and short reflexes)
  • Hormones (GIP, secretin)
  • Tends to slow gastric emptying
26
Q

What are the secretions of the small intestine?

A
  • Intestinal juice (pancreas and bile origin - enters the duodenum via major duodenal papilla and the sphincter o Oddi)
27
Q

What are the processes of motility in the small intestine?

A
  • Mixing
  • Villus movement
  • Segmentation contractions
  • Peristalsis
28
Q

What is the small intestine controlled by?

A
  • Mainly controlled by local nerves (short reflexes) in response to intra-luminal stimuli
29
Q

Which nerve has a small effect of the secretion of bicarbonate in the cephalic phase?

A

Vagus nerve

30
Q

Which hormones have an effect of the secretion of bicarbonate in the interstitial phase?

A

Secretin (most influence in increasing bicarbonate):

  • Released from duodenum in response to acid
  • Stimulates secretion of bicarbonate- rich pancreatic juice

CCK and VIP:
- Have weak stimulatory effect on bicarbonate secretion too

31
Q

Which hormones have an effect on the secretion of pancreatic juice in the intestinal phase?

A

CCK (most pancreatic juice produced by CCK)

  • Released from duodenum in response to fat and protein
  • Stimulates secretion of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice

Gastrin and GIP
- Have a weak stimulatory effect on enzyme secretions

32
Q

What happens in the cephalic phase which promotes the secretion of bile?

A
  • Relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi
33
Q

What happens in the intestinal phase which promotes the secretion of bile?

A

CCK (major in release of bile)

  • Released from duodenum in response to fat and protein
  • Stimulates contraction of gall bladder
  • Relaxation of sphincter of Oddi

Secretin
- Same as CCK, but weaker effect

34
Q

What is secreted into the large intestines and rectum?

A
  • Mucus

- Some water and electrolytes

35
Q

What are the processes of motility in the large intestine and rectum?

A
  • Mixing
  • Mass movements
  • Defaecation
36
Q

What are mixing/segmentation movements in the large intestine controlled by?

A
  • Local reflexes
37
Q

What are long reflexes in the large intestine triggered by?

A
  • Food entering the stomach: increases motility in the intestines
38
Q

What is the gastro-ileal reflex in the large intestine?

A
  • Gastric activity increased motility on ileum
39
Q

What is the gastro-colic reflex in the large intestine?

A
  • Gastric activity increased motility on colon: may be related to mass movements
40
Q

What is the main control on the large intestines and rectum?

A

Neural control

41
Q

Which nerves control the descending colon and rectum?

A
  • Pelvic nerves (S 2-4)

- S 2, 3, 4 keeps the S*** off the floor

42
Q

What are the controls on the anal canal?

A
  • ANS control of internal anal sphincter
  • Voluntary control of external sphincter
  • Somatic nerves (sacral)

BDS1 The Alimentary System (7 decks)

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