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BDS1 The Alimentary System > Large Intestine > Flashcards

Large Intestine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different parts of the large intestine?

A
  • Caecum
  • appendix
  • Colon
  • ascending
  • transverse
  • descending
  • sigmoid
  • Rectum
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2
Q

What are the names of the 2 flexures in the large intestines?

A
  • Hepatic flexure (bend in relation to liver)

- Splenic flexure (bends around level of spleen)

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3
Q

What are Taenia coli?

A
  • Longitudinal muscle

- Only on one side - not all the way round the tube

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4
Q

What are haurtra(e) or haustrations?

A

Little pouches

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5
Q

What are Appendices epiploicae?

A

Fatty tags

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6
Q

What are the 2 sphincters present in the rectum/anus?

A
  • Internal sphincter: under involuntary control

- External sphincter: under voluntary control

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7
Q

What is the name of the junction where the small intestine joins with the large intestine?

A

The ileo-caecal junction

at junction between caecum and ascending colon

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8
Q

What does the fold of mucosa at the ileo-caecal junction allow?

A

Allows chyme to pass from SI to LI but not vice versa

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9
Q

What is meant when the appendix is described as vermiform?

A

It looks worm-like

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10
Q

What are the functions of the appendix and caecum?

A

Do not appear to have any essential function in human beings

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11
Q

What is the epithelium of the large intestines?

A

Simple columnar with goblet cells

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12
Q

Does the large intestine contain intestinal crypts?

A

Yes, contains intestinal crypts of Leiberkühn

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13
Q

What are the differences between large and small intestines?

A
  • LI have no villi
  • LI have an incomplete later of longitudinal muscle (Taenia coli)
  • LI have a ring-like arrangement of circular muscle (haustrae)
  • LI has fatty tags (appendices epiploicae)
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14
Q

Approximately how much chyme enters the LI from the ileum?

A

0.5-1.0 litres

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15
Q

What does the colon do and what happens if it fails to do this?

A
  • Colon absorbs fluid and electrolytes from SI chyme

- If fails to reabsorb = diarrhoea

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16
Q

What are the roles of the intestinal flora in the LI?

A
  • Ferment dietary fibre and lipid
  • Gasses produces
  • Synthesise some vitamins
  • Vitamin B complex; vitamin K (responsible for making vitamins inside gut - need vitamin B for cell metabolism and vitamin K is essential for blood clotting)
17
Q

What are the actions of motility in the large intestines and where in the LI does this mainly occur?

A
  • Mixing movements
  • Similar to segmentation in SI
  • Contraction of circular muscles then contraction of longitudinal muscles
  • ‘squeezing’ action of chyme
  • Mainly in caecum and ascending colon
18
Q

What is meant by the propulsive movements of the large intestines?

A

Move things from one point to another point

19
Q

Where does peristalsis occur in the large intestines and what does it do?

A
  • ‘Short range’ peristalsis in transverse and descending colon
  • Propels semi-solid faecal matter towards rectum
20
Q

What are the ‘mass movements’ of the large intestine?

A
  • Infrequent, more sustained contractions
  • Usually after meals
  • Moves chyme/faeces from proximal colon to distal colon
  • Rectal distension associated with desire to defaecate
21
Q

What is mean by the word ‘defaecation’?

A
  • Ejection of faecal matter from rectum, via anal canal
22
Q

Is defaecation voluntary or involuntary reflex?

A

Involuntary reflex

23
Q

What kind of muscle is the rectum and internal anal sphincter and what are they controlled by?

A

Smooth muscle, controlled by the ANS

24
Q

What kind of muscle is the external anal sphincter?

A

Skeletal muscle

25
Q

At what age is voluntary control of the external anal sphincter gained?

A

Around 2 years of age

26
Q

Some diseases of the large bowel are managed by the removal of a portion of the colon. What is the name of these procedures?

A
  • Ileostomy

- Colostomy

27
Q

What is the opening of an ileostomy or colostomy called?

A

A stoma

28
Q

What is diarrhoea characterised by?

A
  • Someone going to the toilet more than 3 times a day to defecate
  • Characterised by excessively watery stools
29
Q

What is diarrhoea mainly caused by?

A
  • GIT infections

- Shift in the bacterial flora

30
Q

What is diarrhoea associated with?

A
  • Failure of fluid absorption
  • Reduced colonic motility
    (Less mixing and less fluid absorption)
31
Q

What are the results of diarrhoea on a person?

A
  • Dehydration

- Electrolyte imbalance

32
Q

What is constipation characterised by?

A
  • Defecate less than 3 times per week

- Characterised by hard faeces, difficult to pass

33
Q

What is constipation cause by?

A
  • Due to increased fluid absorption
34
Q

What is constipation associated with?

A
  • GIT spasm

- Side effect of some drugs e.g. opiates

35
Q

What can help reduce constipation?

A
  • Dietary fibre - better fibre diet allows for better passing

BDS1 The Alimentary System (7 decks)

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