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BDS1 The Alimentary System > Pharynx and Oesophagus > Flashcards

Pharynx and Oesophagus Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the cervical viscera (neck organs)?

A
  • Respiratory
  • Endocrine
  • Alimentary
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2
Q

What is the pharynx and where does it expand from?

A
  • Muscular tube

- From base of skull to oesophagus (approx. C6)

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3
Q

How long is the pharynx?

A

12-15cm long approximately

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4
Q

What are the functions of the pharynx?

A
  • Conducts air

- Muscles direct food to oesophagus

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5
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
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6
Q

What is the function of the nasopharynx?

A

Respiratory function

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7
Q

What duct is present in the nasopharynx?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

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8
Q

What is the function of the opening of the auditory tube?

A
  • Makes sure the pressure of the back of the mouth is the same as the middle of the ear
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9
Q

What is found in the nasopharynx?

A
  • Nasolacrimal duct
  • Opening of auditory tube
  • Tubal tonsils
  • Pharyngeal tonsils
  • Uvula
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10
Q

What are the tubal tonsils?

A

Examples of inflammatory cells - act as first line of defence

  • Block and stop infection from going any further into body
  • They are located within the mucosa around the opening of the auditory tube
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11
Q

What are pharyngeal tonsils?

A
  • Inflammatory cells
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12
Q

What is the function of the uvula?

A
  • Stops liquids from moving upwards
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13
Q

What is the function of the oropharynx?

A

Primarily digestive function

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14
Q

What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?

A
  • Superior - soft palate

- Inferior - Base of tongue (epiglottis)

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15
Q

Where are the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches found?

A
  • In the oropharynx
  • Palatoglossal - front
  • Palatopharyngeal - back
  • Role of folds is to protect the 3 tonsils
  • Tonsils ae a collection of inflammatory cells
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16
Q

What does the Waldeyer’s ring consist of?

A
  • Four tonsillar structures

- The pharyngeal, tubular, palatine and lingual tonsils as well as small collections of lymphatic tissue

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17
Q

What are the boundaries of the laryngopharynx?

A
  • Superior - epiglottis

- Inferior - Level of cricoid cartilage (below thyroid cartilage)

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18
Q

Where is the piriform fossa located and what is it?

A
  • Located in the laryngopharynx
  • Danger area - things can get stuck and you can choke
  • Swells if things get stuck so potentially life-threatening
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19
Q

How many constrictors are found in the pharynx and what are they called?

A

3 constrictors:

  • Superior constrictor
  • Middle constrictor
  • Inferior constrictor
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20
Q

What is the hyoid bone?

A
  • Only bone un the body which is not joined onto any other bone
  • Function - to ensure the airway stays open
21
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

A
  • Olfactory
  • Optic
  • Oculomotor
  • Trochlear
  • Trigeminal
  • Abducens
  • Facial
  • Vestibulocochlear
  • Glossopharyngeal
  • Vagus
  • Spinal accessory
  • Hypoglossal
22
Q

What nerve is the main motor nerve in the neck?

A

Vagus (CNX)

23
Q

What nerve is the main sensory nerve in the neck?

A

Glossopharyngeal (CNIX)

24
Q

What is the pharyngeal plexus?

A

A collection of the nerves supplying the neck

25
Q

What is otitis media?

A

Middle ear infection

26
Q

What is tonsillitis?

A

Swelling and infection of the tonsils

27
Q

When doing a tonsillectomy what blood vessels and nerves must not be cut as a consequence of this is a massive haemorrhage?

A
  • External palatine vein
  • Tonsillar artery
  • CN IX
  • Internal carotid artery
28
Q

What is the oesophagus and where does it extend from?

A
  • Muscular tube

- From pharynx to stomach

29
Q

Where does the oesophagus lie?

A

In the neck, thorax and abdomen

30
Q

What is the oesophagus posterior to?

A

The trachea and the heart

31
Q

What is a sphincter?

A

A ring of muscle surrounding and serving to guard or close an opening or tube

32
Q

What are the 2 sphincters of the oesophagus

A

Upper oesophageal sphincter - muscle controlled

Lower oesophageal sphincter - physiological barrier arrangement

33
Q

What epithelium is present in the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous - allows rapid turnover is cells are damaged, new cells will be available

34
Q

What type of gland is found in the oesophagus?

A

Submucosal glands

35
Q

What are the 2 muscle layers of the oesophagus?

A

C.I.L.O

  • Inner circular
  • Outer longitudinal
36
Q

What are the 3 muscle types in the oesophagus and where are they found?

A
  • Upper 1/3 - Skeletal (voluntary)
  • Middle 1/3 - Mixed
  • Lower 1/3 - Smooth (involuntary)
37
Q

What does the lower oesophageal sphincter act as?

A
  • A physiological sphincter
38
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Rapid change of epithelium from one form to another

39
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Pre-cancerous stage - epithelium has no proper structure

40
Q

What id G.O.R.D?

A

Gastro oesophageal reflux disease

41
Q

What are the 2 roles of swallowing?

A
  • Moving food to the stomach

- Preventing food from entering the airway

42
Q

What is the oral phase of swallowing?

A
  • Food moved posteriorly
  • Some can pass onto pharyngeal surface of tongue
  • Liquid remains in the mouth in front of ‘pillars’
43
Q

What is the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?

A
  • Oro- to laryngopharynx
  • Soft palate rises
  • Depression of epiglottis
  • Contraction of vocal folds
  • Relaxation of upper oesophageal sphincter
44
Q

What is the oesophageal phase of swallowing?

A
  • Upper oesophageal sphincter constricts and bolus passes downwards
  • Peristalsis drives bolus down oesophagus. Oesophagus constricts above bolus and dilates and shortens below it
  • Lower oesophageal sphincter relaxes to admit bolus to stomach
45
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

Difficulty swallowing

46
Q

What is the symptom of dysphagia?

A

Difficulty swallowing

47
Q

What are the possible causes of dysphagia?

A
  • Neuromuscular disease (nerve and muscle problems)
  • Obstructions
  • strictures, spasm
  • Tumours (30-50% reduction)
  • Developmental abnormality
48
Q

What is a fistula?

A

Abnormal communication between 2 epithelial lined surfaces

49
Q

What is a trachea-oesophageal fistula?

A
  • Oesophagus stops - doesn’t go all the way into the stomach
  • If a baby has this they will vomit
  • Can also cause chest infections

BDS1 The Alimentary System (7 decks)

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