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BDS1 The Alimentary System > Small Intestine > Flashcards

Small Intestine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the small intestine also called?

A

Small bowel

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2
Q

How long is the slam intestine?

A

Around 6 metres long

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3
Q

What does the small intestine comprise of?

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ilium
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4
Q

Where in the alimentary system is the primary site for digestion and absorption?

A

The small intestines

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5
Q

What is meant by the small intestines being ‘partially retroperitoneal’?

A
  • Peritoneum is a lining - holds things in place, prevents the pelvis from falling
  • Kept roughly in the same position so prevents gravity from working on it
  • Mesentery - double fold of peritoneum
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6
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

The serous membrane lining the cavity of the abdomen and covering abdominal organs

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7
Q

What is mesothelium?

A
  • A serous membrane
  • A layer of tissue that covers and protects your internal organs. It allows them to move smoothly against each other and other structures
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8
Q

What is parietal peritoneum?

A
  • On the outside - lines the abdominal wall
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9
Q

What is visceral peritoneum?

A
  • Layer that goes around all the organs
  • A continuation of parietal peritoneum reflected at various places over the viscera, forming a complete covering for the stomach, spleen, liver, intestines from the distal duodenum to the upper end of the rectum, uterus and ovaries; it also partially covers some of the abdominal organs
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10
Q

What is mesentery?

A

Double fold of peritoneum

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11
Q

What is Omentum?

A
  • A double fold of peritoneum that folds around the stomach - wraps and hangs down like an apron
  • Fatty tissue
  • Function - starts moving inside you - wraps around area where there is a pathology and tries to minimise area of infection
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12
Q

What part of the small intestine does most digestion occur?

A

The duodenum

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13
Q

What does the duodenum receive from the stomach?

A

Chyme

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14
Q

How long is the duodenum?

A

Short length

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15
Q

What do Brunner’s glands in the duodenum secrete?

A

There glands produce alkaline mucous, which neutralises acid from the stomach as it enters the duodenum. As long as Brunner’s glands function normally, the mucous helps protect the duodenal lining

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16
Q

What is the name of the common bile duct that secretes into the duodenum?

A

The Sphincter of Oddi

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17
Q

What does the duodenum receive from the common bile duct (sphincter if Oddi)?

A
  • Bile

- Pancreatic ‘juice’

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18
Q

Where does the duodenum end?

A

At the duodenojejunal junction (cannot determine exactly where that is)

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19
Q

What hormone is used to induce secretion of bile from the common bile duct in the duodenum?

A

CCK - Cholecystokinin

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20
Q

What is cholecystokinin?

A

A hormone that is secreted when chyme enters the duodenum which causes the movement of chyme

21
Q

What are duodenal papillae?

A

Elevated openings that are found on the duodenum

22
Q

Where is the major duodenal papillae located?

A

In the descending part of the duodenum

23
Q

What are the 4 parts of the duodenum?

A
  • Superior
  • Descending
  • Inferior
  • Ascending
24
Q

What are the arteries that supply the duodenum?

A
  • Celiac artery
  • Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
  • Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
  • Superior mesenteric artery
25
Q

Where are duodenal ulcers most commonly found?

A
  • In the posterior wall of the superior part
26
Q

What is peritonitis?

A

Wide spread infection of the peritoneum

27
Q

What does the infracolic compartment contain?

A

The small and large intestines

28
Q

What is the duodenojejunal flexure?

A

The bend at the junction of the duodenum and the jejunum

29
Q

What is the main function of the duodenum?

A

Digestion

30
Q

What is the main function of the jejunum?

A

Both digestion and absorption

31
Q

What is the main function of the ileum?

A

Absorption

32
Q

What is the epithelium in the jejunum and ileum?

A

Simple columnar

33
Q

What is a submucous plexus?

A

Nerve that causes contraction of local muscle

34
Q

What is a myenteric plexus?

A

A nerve plexus located in the muscular layer of the intestines

35
Q

What are the finger-like processes found in the small intestine?

A

Villi

36
Q

What are the transverse folds found in the small intestine?

A

Plicae circulares

37
Q

What are Peyer’s patches?

A
  • A collection of inflammatory cells
  • Areas of specialised tissue in the lower area of the small intestine that work to distinguish friend from foe as food passes through the GIT
  • Sensitised cells inside these areas identify antigens and decide whether they are harmless, associated with foods that the person is consuming for nutrition, or harmful, and linked with organisms like bacteria that could try to colonise the body
  • The Peyer’s patches pass the word to the rest of the GIT, facilitating either digestion and uptake of nutrients or an immune system attack on an invader
38
Q

What is an enterocyte?

A

A cell of the intestinal lining

39
Q

What are examples of enterocytes found in the intestinal lining of the small intestine?

A
  • Microvilli (brush border)
  • Brush border enzymes (digestion)
  • Carrier proteins (absorption)
40
Q

What is segmentation (intestinal motility)?

A
  • Contraction to make big things into smaller things
41
Q

What is the function of circular muscle in intestinal motility?

A

Localised breakdown

42
Q

What is the function of longitudinal muscle in intestinal motility?

A

Moves the chyme along the length of the tube

43
Q

What is the ileo-caecal junction?

A
  • The point along the course of the GIT where the small intestine (ileum) ends as it opens into the caecal portion of the large intestine; occurs usually within the iliac fossa
44
Q

What can malabsorption syndromes lead to?

A

Deficiencies that affect the blood e.g. anaemia (iron deficiency)
- This can therefore affect the oral mucosa as anaemia can cause gingivitis

45
Q

What are examples of diseases that can effect the intestines?

A
  • Coeliac disease
  • Chron’s disease
  • Cystic fibrosis
46
Q

What is Meckel’s diverticulum?

A
  • Out pouching of the small intestine
47
Q

What is the rule of 2’s for Meckel’s diverticulum?

A
  • Present after the age of 2
  • Roughly 2 inches long
  • Affects roughly 2% of the population
  • Lies about 2 feet from the ileo-caecal valve
48
Q

What are the out pouches of Meckel’s diverticulum in the small intestine usually made of?

A
  • Mostly ileal mucosa

- May contain acid producing gastric, pancreatic or colonic type mucosa which could be problematic

BDS1 The Alimentary System (7 decks)

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