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A&p2 > stomach > Flashcards

stomach Flashcards

1
Q

Consists of the muscular tube from the mouth to the anus known as the:

A

Digestive tract
b.) Gastrointestinal tract
c.) Alimentary canal

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2
Q

a.) Liver/gall bladder
b.) Pancreas
c.) Teeth/tongue
d. Salivary glands

A

“Accessory” organs

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3
Q

Ingestion
b.) Mechanical digestion and propulsion
c.) Chemical digestion
d.) Secretion
e.) Absorption
f.) Defecation
g.) Protection from environment (from food/water)

A

Functions of GI:

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4
Q

a serous membrane that lines the abdomino-pelvic cavity

A

Peritoneum

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5
Q

Covers organs and projects into the
peritoneal cavity

A

Serosa (visceral peritoneum)

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6
Q

Continually produces peritoneal fluid to lubricate the surfaces and allows the serosa and parietal peritoneum to slide without friction

7L of fluid is secreted and reabsorbed per day

A

Serosa (visceral peritoneum)

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7
Q

lines the inner surface of the body wall

A

Parietal peritoneum

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8
Q

build of fluid in peritoneal cavity due to disease

A

Ascites

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9
Q

are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that connect the
parietal with the visceral peritoneum

A

Mesenteries

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10
Q

…. help stabilize the position of the attached organs and prevent
intestines from becoming entangled during digestive movement or body
positions

A

Mesenteries

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11
Q

what are the major mesenteries?

A

Lesser Omentum (First Mesentery) and Greater omentum (Second Mesentery)

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12
Q

ventral (anterior) surface of
the stomach, between the stomach and liver

A

Lesser Omentum (First Mesentery)

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13
Q

Stabilizes stomach and provides access point for blood vessels
for liver

A

Lesser Omentum (First Mesentery)

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14
Q

Stabilizes the position of the liver

A

Falciform ligament

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15
Q

between the abdominal
wall and intestines is another mesentery

A

Greater omentum (Second Mesentery)

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16
Q
  • Acts as a padding and contains adipose tissue where further
    fat can be stored
A

Greater omentum (Second Mesentery)

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17
Q

Mesentery proper is the main portion and is very thick. Covers
all but 10 inches of the small intestine

A
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18
Q

Mesentery helps to lock the duodenum and pancreas in place these organs are called _____ because they lie behind
the peritoneum rather than surround by it (this includes
all of the colon and rectum)

A

retroperitoneal

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19
Q

mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer,
serosa

A

Five major layers of the digestive tract

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20
Q

the innermost lining consisting of epithelium,
glandular secretions, a lamina propria of areolar tissue, and a muscularis mucosae

A

Mucosal Layer (mucosa)

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21
Q

The epithelium layer is ______ (oral, pharynx, esophagus, anal canal)
or _____ (stomach, small intestine and large intestine (colon))

A

stratified; columnar

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22
Q

a layer of areolar tissue containing blood vessels,
nerves, lymph, smooth muscle, and in some portions of the alimentary canal
secretory cells (ie. oral, pharynx, esophagus, stomach and Sm.Intestine)

A

Lamina propria

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23
Q

narrow sheet of smooth muscle with
both a circular layer (encircles the gastric tube) and parallel
layer (arranges parallel to the digestive tube) which allows the lumen
to change shape for movement

A

The muscularis mucosae

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24
Q

a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that binds the mucosa
to the muscular layer and contain blood vessels and lymph vessels and in some
portions exocrine glands that secrete buffers and enzymes

A

Submucosa

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25
Q

Contains a networks of nerves called the _________ – contains sensory neurons, PNS ganglion, and SNS fibers

A

Submucosal neural plexus

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26
Q

Consists primarily of smooth muscle

A

Muscular layer

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27
Q

______lies along the inner boarder of muscular layer.

A

Submucosal plexus

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28
Q

Contains an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer – involved
in mechanical digestion

A

Muscular layer

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29
Q

Neurons of the _____ are primarily responsible for
movement of the muscles in the digestive tract

A

Enteric Nervous system

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30
Q

_______a network of parasympathetic ganglia, sensory neurons,
interneurons and sympathetic neurons found in between the
circular and longitudinal layer of the muscular layer

A

Fiber from the ANS innervate the myenteric plexus

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31
Q

In areas where the serosa is not covering the digestive organ, collagen
firmly attach the digestive tract to the that abdominal wall

A

adventitia

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32
Q

10 inch tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach moves ingested
material down toward the stomach

A

Esophagus

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33
Q

Mucosa contains stratified squamous cells
b.) Mucosa and submucosa packed into large folds
c.) Muscularis mucosa consists of irregular layer of smooth
muscle
d.) Submucosa contains esophageal glands
e.) First third of the esophagus contains skeletal muscle fibers
f.) Adventitia connects the esophagus to body wall

A

The esophagus will follow the basic layers of all the digestive system with a
few exceptions

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34
Q

First portion of the esophagus and last portion remain closed to prevent air from
entering in and to prevent stomach contents refluxing back into the esophagus

A

The upper portion called the upper esophageal sphincter
ii.) The lower portion called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

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35
Q

deglutition (swallowing) involves many different reflex arcs and
muscles - split into four phases

A

Ingestion

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36
Q

bolus of food pushes against hard plate and tongue
and other muscle push toward the soft palate forcing it into the
oropharynx and begins moving toward the stomach

A

Buccal phase

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37
Q

epiglottis closes and larynx elevates (preventing
food entering through the glottis into the trachea)

A

Pharyngeal phase

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38
Q

muscle contractions pushes contents into the
stomach (peristalsis)

A

Esophageal phase

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39
Q

will take over once food is actively pushed back into
the pharynx area (mediated by the swallowing center in the medulla oblongata)

A

The swallowing reflex

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40
Q

j-shaped organ which contains lesser curve forming the medial surface
and the greater curve forming the lateral surface

A

Stomach

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41
Q

the smallest region of the stomach and consists of the superior, and
medial portion of the stomach and contains mucous glands

A

Cardia

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42
Q

the region of the stomach that is superior to the junction between the
stomach and the esophagus

A

Fundus

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43
Q

area of the stomach consisting of the curve of the j-shaped and is the
largest portion

A

Body

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44
Q

forms the portion of the stomach between body and duodenum
and is much smaller – divided into pyloric antrum, pyloric canal, and pylorus

A

Pyloric part

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45
Q

surrounds the pylorus part and prevents duodenal
reflux and premature emptying

A

Pyloric sphincter

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46
Q

are fold within the stomach that allow for expansion

A

The rugae

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47
Q

contains simple columnar cells and together with the
mucous is called a secretory sheet – acts as a protection against acids and
enzymes

A

histology of stomach

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48
Q

Stomach has shallow depressions called _____ where specialized
cells are located

A

gastric pits

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49
Q

secret acids and enzymes - found in the fundus and
body

A

Gastric glands

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50
Q

Glands of the pyloric parts secret mucous and hormones
like

A

Gastrin

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51
Q

Gastric glands found in the gastric pits, are divided into ___ types
of cells: __- and ___ secrete 1500mL of
fluid each day

A

2 ; parietal cells and chief cells

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52
Q

secrete intrinsic factor for B12 absorption and
indirectly secrete HCl (pH of 1.5-2.0)

A

Parietal cells

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53
Q

HCl is produced via CO2 and H2O

A

Formation of HCL

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54
Q

-Forms carbonic acid via carbonic anhydrase (enzyme)
which dissociates and actively pumps H+ into the
stomach

-Chloride diffuses into the cells via the transporter
(pumps in Chloride and pumps Bicarbonate out
into blood (alkaline tide))

-Where Cl- diffuses into the lumen and combines to
form HCl

A

Formation of HCL

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55
Q

are most abundant cells near the base of gastric
glands. Secrete pepsinogen which changes to its active pepsin
via the acidic environment, used to digest incoming proteins

A

Chief cells

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56
Q

Babies secret renin and gastric lipase to aid in digestion of milk

A
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57
Q

Seven or more hormones are made by

A

enteroendocrine cells

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58
Q

produced by G-cells stimulates secretion by both parietal
and chief cells

A

Gastrin

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59
Q

produced by D-cells inhibits gastrin and
continuously secrete next to G-cells

A

Somatostatin

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60
Q

are involved with hunger where ghrelin
increases hunger and obestatin decreases hunger

A

Ghrelin and obestatin

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61
Q

begins in the mouth and continue in the stomach – as
stomach fluid increases and pH decreases protein digestion increase after
activation of pepsin

A

Chemical digestion

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62
Q

Gastric activity has a cephalic phase, gastric phase and intestinal phase

A
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63
Q

the sight, smell and taste of food begin activating
saliva and gastric juices via the vagus nerve to prepare for food entering the
stomach

A

Cephalic phase

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64
Q

begins with the arrival of food in the stomach and may
continue up to 3-4 hours after food enters

A

Gastric phase

65
Q

Includes distention of the stomach, increasing the pH
and presence of undigested proteins which stimulates: HCl
production, gastrin to activate Chief and parietal cells,
and mixing waves which “churn” the contents

A

Gastric phase

66
Q

effects the stomach and Sm. Intestine. Responsible
for controlling the rate of gastric emptying to ensure Sm.Intestine can
effectively complete the digestion process

A

Intestinal phase

67
Q

Chyme enters sm. intestine and lipids, CHO’s, AA, and low
pH stimulate CCK, GIP, and Secretin which together inhibit
chief cells, parietal cells, peristalsis of the stomach and activate
various other mechanisms such as gall bladder secretions

A

Intestinal phase

68
Q

a long muscular tube where most of the chemical digestion takes
place and 90% of all nutrients are absorbed. 20ft long

A

Small Intestine

69
Q

contains permanently fixed circular folds (about 800) to increase
the surface for digestion

A

Small Intestine

70
Q

Epithelial cells and underlying lamina propria of the circular folds form
small finger-like projections called_____ that also increase the surface area

A

villi

71
Q

Epithelial cells contain ____which are cilia-like to trap
nutrients

A

microvilli

72
Q

is found on the villi and contains microvilli and
mucus

A

Brush Border

73
Q

Together the circular folds and villi increase surface area from

A

3300 cm2 (if the intestine was flatened) to 2 million cm2

74
Q

In addition to blood vessels, and nerves which enter into each villi,
_____ are also present – gut based lymphatic vessels

A

lacteals

75
Q

___lie deep in the crypts (base of the villi) and eject mucus to
cover brush boarder

A

Goblet cells

76
Q

also found in crypts help to generate new cells (turnover rate
is 3-10 days

A

Stem cells

77
Q

cells that release defensins and lysosomes to aid in
immunity at the gut level

A

Paneth cells

78
Q

are specialized glands that release
additional mucus when chyme enters the duodenum and secrete urogastrone
to prevent excessive gastric acid secretion

A

Duodenal submucosal glands

79
Q

Contains three segments – duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum

A
80
Q

abut 10in long, receives pancreatic and gall bladder juices
to begin chemical digestion

Has few circular folds, and villi are small

A

Duodenum

81
Q

about 8ft long is where most of the digestion and absorption
occurs

-Contains many circular folds and villi especially in the proximal
half with a decrease thereafter

A

Jejunum

82
Q

11.5ft long and continues any digestion - leads to the
ileocecal valve which controls the flow of material into the cecum of the
colon

A

Ileum

83
Q

The distal portion of the ileum lacks circular folds and is rather
filled with ______ – lymphoid tissues containing
many types of immune cells

A

Peyer’s patches

84
Q

Digestion in the Sm.Intestin takes place after the stomach has released chyme
into the duodenum

A
85
Q

Bile and enzymes from the pancreas are secreted to break down___

A

CHO’s, lipids and proteins

86
Q

pH at the duodenum increase from 2 to upwards to 7-8 ____

A

due to glandular release of buffers and mucus (along with pancreatic buffers)

87
Q

Chyme is the main signal for both neural and hormonal secretion

A

but PNS (rest and digest) is also highly involved

88
Q

Segmentation and Peristalsis are engaged to properly mix and move the
chyme from

A

mouth to anus

89
Q

Short reflexes are triggers by presence of

A

chyme or stretch receptors

90
Q

“Controlling” neurons termed the _____ generate
myenteric reflexes (peristaltic and segmentation)

A

myenteric plexus

91
Q

____ involve interneurons and motor neurons in the CNS and control glandular activity and large scale peristalsis

A

Long reflexes

92
Q

Myenteric plexus also controls/activates

A

enteroendocrine cells

93
Q

Gastrin, Secretin, Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP), Cholecystokinin (CCK) Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP), Eterocrinin

A

Major Hormones of the duodenum aid in the proper balancing act of
digestion

94
Q

secreted by G cells in duodenum when exposed to
incomplete digested proteins
- Functions - promoting increased stomach motility and
stimulating the production of gastric acids and enzymes

A

Gastrin

95
Q

released in the duodenum when chyme enters
- Functions include activating pancreatic buffers to increase pH
and activate gallbladder to release bile, and reduce gastric
motility and secretions

A

Secretin

96
Q

secreted when fats and
CHO’s enter duodenum and is accompanied by stimulation of
insulin release from pancreas

A

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)

97
Q

Secreted when chyme enters duodenum
- Function include accelerating all forms of digestive enzymes,
relaxes hepatopancreatic sphincter and contraction of
gallbladder to release additional pancreatic juices
and bile
> It also inhibits gastric activity and reduces hunger via
CNS activation

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

98
Q

stimulates the
secretion of intestinal glands, dilates regional capillaries, and
inhibits acid production in stomach

A

Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP)

99
Q

release when chyme enters the duodenum and
stimulates alkaline mucus via submucosal glands

A

Eterocrinin

100
Q

____ takes on average 5 hours. Villi and mucus can move allowing
greater contact of particles with the intestinal cells and greater absorption in less
time and space

A

Absorption

101
Q

is a large tube that has three segments depending on its location
around the abdomen. It is 5 ft long and is responsible for reabsorbing water,
formation and removal of wastes

A

Large Intestine

102
Q

__include the cecum, colon and rectum

A

The three segments of the large intestine:

103
Q

The first portion of large intestine connected to the ileum and is an expandable pouch – collects and stores materials from the ileum and begins “compaction”

A

Cecum

104
Q

Contains the ___ – a muscular valve preventing backflow into
ileum

A

ileocecal valve

105
Q

a small tube containing many lymph nodules and microbiota

A

Appendix

106
Q

inflammation of appendix (ICVD versus
Appendicitis)

A

Appendicitis

107
Q

the largest portion of the Large intestine containing series of pouches
called haustra which allow the colon to expand and elongate

A

Colon

108
Q

a longitudinal band of smooth muscle that runs along the
outer surface and generates the haustra

A

Taeniae coli

109
Q

___are small fatty sacs on the colon

A

Omental appendices

110
Q

Colon contains four segments –

A

ascending, transverse and descending

111
Q

begins at cecum and ends at the hepatic flexure (right
colon flexure)

A

Ascending

112
Q

begins at hepatic flexure and ends at the splenic
flexure (left colon flexure)

A

Transverse

113
Q

begins at splenic flexure and ends are
sigmoid colon

A

Descending

114
Q

an “S” shaped structure 6in long between the
descending colon and rectum

A

Sigmoid

115
Q

Histologically, the walls of the colon are thinner but the luminal diameter
is 3x as big as the sm.intestine

A
116
Q

There are no villi but many goblet cells which secrete
mucus

A

histology of colon

117
Q

Feces is about 75% percent water, 5% bacteria, and 20% epithelial
cells, waste, bile salts, unabsorbed nutrients and toxins

A

histology of colon

118
Q

The majority of fermentation occurs here!

A

histology of colon

119
Q

Urobilinogen and stercobilinogen from bilirubin generate the
color of feces

A

histology of colon

120
Q

Ammonia, indole and skatole, and hydrogen sulfide generate
the odor of feces

A

histology of colon

121
Q

the final portion of the large intestine and temporary storage site for
feces

A

Rectum

122
Q

Small ____ are found in the anal canal and mark the border
between columnar and stratified squamous cells

A

anal columns

123
Q

exit of the anal canal and contains an internal and external anal
sphincter (internal is smooth muscle under autonomic control and external is
skeletal under somatic/conscious control)

A

Anus

124
Q

Veins in anal canal can become distended

A

(causing hemorrhoids)

125
Q

takes place in the ascending an transverse colon

A

Haustral churning

126
Q

Powerful peristaltic contractions called ____ move material
from the transverse through the rest of the colon and compacts into the
rectum

A

mass movements

127
Q

Stretch receptors in rectum initiate the

A

defecation reflex

128
Q

occurs as a result of the myenteric plexus and the
long reflex occurs via the parasympathetic innervation both
contributing to peristaltic contractions

A

the short reflex

129
Q

Defecation can be withheld via the ___
when intra-rectal pressure builds up enough, the NS overrides
the voluntary response a bowel movement occurs

A

external voluntary muscles

130
Q

are used for mechanical digestion, and to begin the chemical
digestion process via salivary enzymes

A

Mouth/Teeth

131
Q

contain no melanin, no sweat glands, no sebum (can see blood
underneath which gives it its color)

A

Lips

132
Q

Muscle used for the purpose of sensory analysis, secretion of mucins,
and manipulation of sound and food

A

Tongue

133
Q

are living structures which have both blood and nerve supply to them
a.) Three layers (outer to inner): enamel, dentin, pulp connected with
collagen based gingiva and underlying periodontal ligaments (Removing
teeth needs to remove ligaments!)

A

Teeth

134
Q

used for protection of teeth and mouth, enable speaking, and
secrete enzymes to help begin food digestion

A

Salivary glands

135
Q

lies posterior to the stomach and acts as both an endocrine and
exocrine organ. It is an elongated organs about 6in and contains a head, body and
tail segment (a thin transparent capsule wraps around the entire organ)

A

Pancreas

136
Q

____delivers the exocrine secretion of the pancreas into the duodenum after combining with the bile duct and empties into the duodenal papilla

A

Pancreatic duct

137
Q

____which make and release insulin and glucagon (and
other hormones) represent 1% of the cells

A

Pancreatic islet cells

138
Q

is the largest “visceral” organ weighing 3.3 pounds with tough fibrous cap
surrounding the entire organ and is found in the right hypochondriac region

A

Liver

139
Q

separates right from left lobes of the liver and is used to
attached the liver to the back wall for stability

A

Falciform Ligament

140
Q

thickened portion of the falciform ligament marking
the path of the umbilical vein

A

Round ligament

141
Q

blood vessels and gall bladder branches converge at this point
into the liver

A

Porta Hepatis

142
Q

the basic functional unit of the liver and are formed by
connective tissue (100,000 liver lobules in liver)

A

Liver lobules

143
Q

liver cells: are arranged in plates around the central
veins in the middle of the lobule

A

Hepatocytes

144
Q

Liver immune cells called _____ (Kupffer cells) line the
endothelial cells and are used to engulf debris and damaged cells – can even
store some minerals

A

stellate macrophages

145
Q

(how blood enters the liver) Sinusoids from
small branches of the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery proper are the major sources of blood.

A

Hepatic Portal System

146
Q

The six portal triads are each corner of he hexagonal
shaped lobule and contain:
- Interlobular vein
- interlobular artery
- interlobular bile duct

A

Hepatic Portal System

147
Q

Blood leaves the liver via the central vein to merge with the
inferior vena cava

A
148
Q

____ can occur via damage to organ or a clot
preventing blood flow to liver and can cause issues with blood
proteins and even peritoneal bleeding causing distention
of the abdomen (ascites)

A

Portal hypertension

149
Q

____liver makes and secretes bile into the bile canaliculi
extending outward away from the central vein

A

Bile Duct system

150
Q

They continue and merge into bile ductulus to carry bile to nearest
portal area and end either the right or left bile ducts which
together form into the common hepatic duct and
eventually into the common bile duct

A

Bile Duct system

151
Q

Metabolic regulations include:
- Carbohydrate metabolism
- Lipid metabolism
- Amino acid metabolism
- Waste removal
- Vitamin Storage
- Mineral storage
- Drug activation or inactivation

A

Physiology of the liver:

152
Q
  • Phagocytosis and antigen presentation
  • Synthesis of plasma proteins
  • Hormone activation/deactivation or removal
    Ch24 – Digestion 15
  • Antibody removal
  • Toxin removal
A

Hematological Regulation

153
Q

made mostly of water, with a small amount of ions,
bilirubin, cholesterol, bile salts and other lipids

A

Bile production

154
Q

___- are made in hepatocyte from cholesterol and amino
acids

A

Bile salts

155
Q

Used for emulsification

A

bile

156
Q

Storage center for bile and is found underneath the liver connected
to the common hepatic duct

A

Gall Bladder

157
Q

a band of skeletal muscle that wraps around the pancreatic and bile duct just as it enters the duodenum

A

Hepatopancreatic sphincter (sphincter of Oddi)

158
Q

Bile is released under

A

CCK stimulation

159
Q

crystallized cholesterol bile salts

A

Gallstones

A&p2 (7 decks)

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