Lungs Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 2 main functions of the respiratory system?
A
-Provides surface area for gas exchange
- Brings air into air passageways
2
Q
nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and
pharynx (throat)
A
Upper Respiratory system
3
Q
larynx (voice box), trachea (wind pipe), bronchi
and bronchioles
A
Lower Respiratory system
4
Q
includes the respiratory tract: passageways that carry
air to and from the lungs
A
Functional perspective
5
Q
begins at nasal entrance and continues through all
structures until the larger bronchioles.
Aids in filtering, warming, and humidifying incoming air
A
Conducting portion
6
Q
contains epithelium and areolar tissue (lamina propria
which discharges mucus in the upper respiratory system)
A
Respiratory Mucosa
7
Q
mucus glands along the respiratory tract secret mucus
to protect surfaces
A
Respiratory Defense
8
Q
primary passageway for air entering respiratory system and enters
through the nostrils (aka. Nares) opening into the nasal cavity
A
nose
9
Q
space contained within the flexible tissue of nose
A
Nasal vestibule
10
Q
divided into L and R by the “nasal septum” (fusion of
the vomer with perpendicular plate)
A
Nasal cavity
11
Q
contains cribriform plate, nasal septum, and conchae
A
Olfactory region
12
Q
Conchae (curved projections) -
A
Superior, middle and inferior
conchae
13
Q
Forms grooves called superior, middle, and inferior
A
meatuses
14
Q
contain expandable veins
that help to warm air
A
Lamina propria of nasal conchae
15
Q
epistaxis
A
contributes to nosebleeds
16
Q
mark the boundary between
the nasopharynx and pharynx
A
Hard palate (bone) and soft palate (tissue)
17
Q
shared chamber of the respiratory and digestive systems
and contains three parts
A
Pharynx (throat)
18
Q
most superior portion where the soft palate separates it
from the oral cavity
Lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium
ii.) Contains the pharyngeal tonsil
iii.) Each auditory tube of the ears open into the nasopharynx
A
Nasopharynx
19
Q
portion of the pharynx that extends between the soft
palate and base of the tongue
i.) Tissue changes into stratified squamous epithelium
A
Oropharynx
20
Q
inferior portion of the pharynx and ends at the
entrance into the larynx and esophagus
A
Laryngopharynx –
21
Q
a cartilaginous tube that surrounds and protects the
glottis (an opening between the vocal cords)
A
Larynx (Voice box)
22
Q
slit opening between the vocal cords and the “voicebox” of the
larynx (contain vocal folds and ‘rima glottidis’ (the opening))
A
Glottis
23
Q
contain vestibular ligaments and connect from
the vocal cord to the surrounding tissue (highly elastic and help
produce speech/sound)
A
Vestibular folds
24
Q
Three cartilaginous structures form the larynx (superior to inferior)
A
Thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and epiglottis
25
(hyaline type) – largest of the three, and U-
shaped (anterior portion forms the “Adam’s apple”
Thyroid cartilage
26
(hyaline type) – provides support where there
is no thyroid cartilage and protect glottis and trachea entrance
Cricoid Cartilage
27
shoehorn shaped and acts as both an
attachment point for hyoid and thyroid cartilage: folds over the
glottis during swallowing preventing substance into the
windpipe
Epiglottis (elastic type)
28
occurs when food or liquids touch the vestibular folds
or glottis
Coughing reflex
29
occurs as air passes through the vocal folds (like an
instrument). Larger and longer throats and vocal folds can generate deeper
tones in adulthood men and women and (especially men after puberty)
Sound production
30
Speech tone and sound are also altered by cheeks, lips, teeth, tongue,
and sinuses which can change the sound (think – cold and flu alter
pitch)
31
tough flexible tube connected to the cricoid cartilage in
a ligamentous attachment and becomes two bronchi
Trachea (Windpipe)
32
Contains a thick layer of connective tissue where mucosa and
epithelium are same as the larynx/nasopharynx
i.) Submucosa contains tracheal glands secreting mucus
Submucosa
33
Trachea contains 15-20 C-shaped tracheal cartilages that stiffen
the walls and protect the air way
- An anular ligament and the trachealis connect each end of the
C-shaped on the posterior side
> Trachealis can relax or contract via sympathetic input
34
continuation of the trachea that serve as two entrance points for the
lungs (L and R bronchus) and continue to shrink into smaller bronchi
Bronchi
35
ridge that separates opening of R and L main
bronchi
The carina of the trachea
36
R bronchi is larger in diameter than the L bronchi and descends
toward lungs in a steeper way
(Foreign objects usually land
here)
37
L and R main bronchi split into ____ supplying to the lobes
of the lungs
“lobar bronchi”
38
Three R lobar bronchi
(R lung contains three lobes)
39
Two L lobar bronchi
(L lung contains two lobes)
40
Lobar bronchi split into ____ and supplies to a single
____ (a specific region of lung)
segmental bronchi; bronchopulmonary segment
41
R lung contains ______ and L lung contains___
10 segments; 8-9 segments
42
_____are further branches from the segmental bronchi and turn
into _____ (6,500 terminal bronchiole per segment!!)
Bronchioles; terminal bronchioles
43
are dominated by smooth muscle and can change
diameter and thus air resistance and flow
bronchioles
44
SNS stimulation causes
bronchodilation
45
PNS stimulation causes
bronchoconstriction
46
changes mucosa and causes fold increasing resistance. Is
Asthma a lung disease? Primary treatment glucocorticoids –
results
Asthma
47
Terminal bronchioles branch to form several _______________
which are the thinnest portion of the lungs and are where gas exchange
occurs
respiratory bronchioles
48
_________ line the terminal bronchioles and respiratory
bronchioles
Cuboidal epithelium
49
Respiratory bronchioles connect to individual alveoli via alveolar ducts which end in____
This gives the lungs its “spongy” appearance
alveolar sacs
50
what are the two types of “lung cells” comprise the lungs?
Pneumocytes type 1 & Pneumocytes type 2
51
Thin simple squamous used for gas
exchange
Pneumocytes type 1
52
larger cells which produce surfactant
preventing lung collapse due to water surface tension
Pneumocytes type 2
53
For air to pass through the lungs it must cross three barriers
-Alveolar cells
-Capillary endothelial cells
- Basement membrane
54
Lobes of lungs are separated by
fissures
55
the ___ of each lung is cone-shaped
and pointed superiorly
apex
56
R lung is shorter due to compensation for the
Liver
57
L lung contains the “cardiac” notch to compensate for the
Heart
58
Dense connective tissue wraps around lung and anchors it at the
“root of
the lung”
59
Each lung is surrounded by a single_____ separated by the
mediastinum
pleural cavity
60
______is the serous membrane containing both the visceral (inner) and
parietal (outer) portion of the pleura
Pleura
61
______ separate bronchopulmonary segments into “Pulmonary
lobules” each have blood vessels, elastic fibers and nerve innervation
Tiny interlobular septa
62
Blood supply nourishes the conducting portion of the lungs and is used at the___
alveoli for gas exchange
63
Blood pressure is lower in ___ and can have capillaries
blocked by a clot causing a “pulmonary embolism”
pulmonary circuit
64
Lungs are the major source of the
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
65
includes external and internal respiration
Respiration
66
exchange of oxygen and CO2 between
environment and interstitial fluid
External respiration
67
Consists of pulmonary ventilation, gas diffusion, and oxygen/CO2
transportation
External respiration
68
exchange of oxygen and CO2 between cells
Internal respiration
69
the use of oxygen and release of CO2 in cell for
energy (at the mitochondrial level)
Cellular respiration
70
oxygen is completely cut off
anoxia
71
Pulmonary ventilation
Breathing
72
____is the movement of air into and out
of the respiratory system to provide alveolar ventilation
Pulmonary ventilation
73
the movement of air into and out of the alveoli
alveolar ventilation
74
Air flow moves into and out of the lungs via ___
Pressure gradients
75
a decrease in volume increases pressure and
an increase in volume decreases pressure
Boyle’s Law of pressure
76
Boyle’s gas law affects
the lungs directly
77
consists of inspiration (inhalation), expiration
(exhalation) and involves pressure gradients that follow Boyle’s gas law
Respiratory cycle
78
As the diaphragm contracts (drops) the lungs increase in size and
cause a suction on the airways
(increased volume = drop in
pressure) forcing air into the conduction system
79
As the diaphragm and intercostal muscle rebound and relax the
lungs decrease in size and cause a force on the airways pushing
air out of the lungs and conducting system
Decreased volume =
increase in pressure
80
Pressure in the alveoli is called
Intrapulmonary pressure or alveolar pressure
81
The difference in atm pressure is normally low
(+ or - 1 mmHg)
82
Can increase in trained athletes to
+ or - 30 mmHg
83
-Bronchodilation/contraction
-Connective tissue of lung
- Surfactant produced
- Respiratory muscles
Factor affecting pulmonary ventilation include
84
-Contraction of diaphragm (75% contribution)
- Contraction of external intercostals muscles (25% contribution)
-Contraction of accessory muscle, scalene, SCM, serratus anterior,
and intercostal muscles
Inhalation involves
85
-Internal intercostals and transversus thoracis depress ribs
- Ex/In obliques, transvers abdominis, and rectus abdominis aid to
compress abdomen
Exhalation involves
86
quite breathing
eupnea
87
involves normal
contraction of muscles and is passive breathing
eupnea
88
Elastic rebound is the primary driving force of
exhalation
89
Either the diaphragm or intercostals are primary driving force of
inhalation
90
involves active inspiration and expiration
movements
Forces breathing (hyperpnea)
91
__ involved with inhalation and exhalation and may
involve abdominal muscles in extreme force
Accessory muscle
92
number of breaths (adults at rest = 12-18, children 18-20)
Respiratory rate
93
the amount of air moved into or out of the lungs during
a single respiratory cycle
Tidal volume (Vt)
94
How is called the amount of air moved each
minute and is a calculation??
Respiratory minute volume (RMV)
95
measure pulmonary ventilation
RMV
96
Can increase by increasing tidal volume or respiratory rate
RMV
97
Only 350ml of 500ml reaches the alveoli for
gas exchange
98
The remaining air (150ml) is found in the conducting system
called
anatomic dead space
99
the amount of air reaching the alveoli (much
more important overall)
Alveolar ventilation
100
For alveolar ventilation to increase
both tidal volume and
respiratory rate must increase increasing one will only affect
respiratory minute volume and leave alveolar ventilation unchanged
101
measures pulmonary ventilation
Spirometry
102
amount of air that can be voluntarily
expelled after a quite respiratory cycle
Expiratory reserve volume
103
the amount of air left over after exhalation
Residual volume
104
the amount of air if lungs collapsed
Minimal volume
105
is the amount of air that can be
voluntarily inhaled above the tidal wave
Inspiratory reserve volume
106
is the amount of air that can be drawn out
of the lungs after a quite breath (equals the total volume + IRV)
Inspiratory capacity
107
the amount of air remaining
in the lungs after a quiet respiratory cycle (equals the
ERV + residual volume)
Functional residual capacity
108
the maximum amount of air that can be moved into or
out of the lungs in a single respiratory cycle
Vital Capacity
109
total volume of lungs can hold (600mL in males,
4200 mL in females)
Total lung capacity
110
Gases are exchanged between the alveoli and the blood through diffusion as a
result of ________
concentration gradients
111
Dalton’s Law
(Partial Pressure)
112
Environmental air has a mixture of elements including mainly N2
(nitrogen gas, 80%) and oxygen (20%) with a small amount of water vapor,
carbon monoxide and any other toxicant from industry
Dalton’s Law
113
The contribution of a single gas to the pressure of the
whole in a mixture of gases (any gas’s contribution can be figured out due to
knowing atm = 760 mmHg and each gasses percentage of air)
Partial Pressure
114
(Diffusion of liquids and Gasses)
Henry’s Law
115
Gas can dissolve into a liquid solution under pressure (think – soda)
Henry’s Law
116
The amount of that gas in solution is proportional to the partial pressure
of that gas -- Henry’s Law
-Increased pressure will drive the gas into solution
- Decreased (reduced) pressure will drive the gas out of solution
- At equilibrium between gas and solution, the gas will diffuse out
and back into solution (gas molecules in solution stay constant)
117
The actual amount of gas in solution will depend on its solubility in the
blood
CO2 has high solubility, O2 has low, N has low
118
