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a&p2 > Lungs > Flashcards

Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the respiratory system?

A

-Provides surface area for gas exchange
- Brings air into air passageways

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2
Q

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and
pharynx (throat)

A

Upper Respiratory system

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3
Q

larynx (voice box), trachea (wind pipe), bronchi
and bronchioles

A

Lower Respiratory system

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4
Q

includes the respiratory tract: passageways that carry
air to and from the lungs

A

Functional perspective

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5
Q

begins at nasal entrance and continues through all
structures until the larger bronchioles.
Aids in filtering, warming, and humidifying incoming air

A

Conducting portion

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6
Q

contains epithelium and areolar tissue (lamina propria
which discharges mucus in the upper respiratory system)

A

Respiratory Mucosa

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7
Q

mucus glands along the respiratory tract secret mucus
to protect surfaces

A

Respiratory Defense

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8
Q

primary passageway for air entering respiratory system and enters
through the nostrils (aka. Nares) opening into the nasal cavity

A

nose

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9
Q

space contained within the flexible tissue of nose

A

Nasal vestibule

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10
Q

divided into L and R by the “nasal septum” (fusion of
the vomer with perpendicular plate)

A

Nasal cavity

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11
Q

contains cribriform plate, nasal septum, and conchae

A

Olfactory region

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12
Q

Conchae (curved projections) -

A

Superior, middle and inferior
conchae

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13
Q

Forms grooves called superior, middle, and inferior

A

meatuses

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14
Q

contain expandable veins
that help to warm air

A

Lamina propria of nasal conchae

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15
Q

epistaxis

A

contributes to nosebleeds

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16
Q

mark the boundary between
the nasopharynx and pharynx

A

Hard palate (bone) and soft palate (tissue)

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17
Q

shared chamber of the respiratory and digestive systems
and contains three parts

A

Pharynx (throat)

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18
Q

most superior portion where the soft palate separates it
from the oral cavity

Lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium
ii.) Contains the pharyngeal tonsil
iii.) Each auditory tube of the ears open into the nasopharynx

A

Nasopharynx

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19
Q

portion of the pharynx that extends between the soft
palate and base of the tongue
i.) Tissue changes into stratified squamous epithelium

A

Oropharynx

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20
Q

inferior portion of the pharynx and ends at the
entrance into the larynx and esophagus

A

Laryngopharynx –

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21
Q

a cartilaginous tube that surrounds and protects the
glottis (an opening between the vocal cords)

A

Larynx (Voice box)

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22
Q

slit opening between the vocal cords and the “voicebox” of the
larynx (contain vocal folds and ‘rima glottidis’ (the opening))

A

Glottis

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23
Q

contain vestibular ligaments and connect from
the vocal cord to the surrounding tissue (highly elastic and help
produce speech/sound)

A

Vestibular folds

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24
Q

Three cartilaginous structures form the larynx (superior to inferior)

A

Thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and epiglottis

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25
Q

(hyaline type) – largest of the three, and U-
shaped (anterior portion forms the “Adam’s apple”

A

Thyroid cartilage

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26
Q

(hyaline type) – provides support where there
is no thyroid cartilage and protect glottis and trachea entrance

A

Cricoid Cartilage

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27
Q

shoehorn shaped and acts as both an
attachment point for hyoid and thyroid cartilage: folds over the
glottis during swallowing preventing substance into the
windpipe

A

Epiglottis (elastic type)

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28
Q

occurs when food or liquids touch the vestibular folds
or glottis

A

Coughing reflex

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29
Q

occurs as air passes through the vocal folds (like an
instrument). Larger and longer throats and vocal folds can generate deeper
tones in adulthood men and women and (especially men after puberty)

A

Sound production

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30
Q

Speech tone and sound are also altered by cheeks, lips, teeth, tongue,
and sinuses which can change the sound (think – cold and flu alter
pitch)

A
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31
Q

tough flexible tube connected to the cricoid cartilage in
a ligamentous attachment and becomes two bronchi

A

Trachea (Windpipe)

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32
Q

Contains a thick layer of connective tissue where mucosa and
epithelium are same as the larynx/nasopharynx
i.) Submucosa contains tracheal glands secreting mucus

A

Submucosa

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33
Q

Trachea contains 15-20 C-shaped tracheal cartilages that stiffen
the walls and protect the air way
- An anular ligament and the trachealis connect each end of the
C-shaped on the posterior side
> Trachealis can relax or contract via sympathetic input

A
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34
Q

continuation of the trachea that serve as two entrance points for the
lungs (L and R bronchus) and continue to shrink into smaller bronchi

A

Bronchi

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35
Q

ridge that separates opening of R and L main
bronchi

A

The carina of the trachea

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36
Q

R bronchi is larger in diameter than the L bronchi and descends
toward lungs in a steeper way

A

(Foreign objects usually land
here)

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37
Q

L and R main bronchi split into ____ supplying to the lobes
of the lungs

A

“lobar bronchi”

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38
Q

Three R lobar bronchi

A

(R lung contains three lobes)

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39
Q

Two L lobar bronchi

A

(L lung contains two lobes)

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40
Q

Lobar bronchi split into ____ and supplies to a single
____ (a specific region of lung)

A

segmental bronchi; bronchopulmonary segment

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41
Q

R lung contains ______ and L lung contains___

A

10 segments; 8-9 segments

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42
Q

_____are further branches from the segmental bronchi and turn
into _____ (6,500 terminal bronchiole per segment!!)

A

Bronchioles; terminal bronchioles

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43
Q

are dominated by smooth muscle and can change
diameter and thus air resistance and flow

A

bronchioles

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44
Q

SNS stimulation causes

A

bronchodilation

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45
Q

PNS stimulation causes

A

bronchoconstriction

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46
Q

changes mucosa and causes fold increasing resistance. Is
Asthma a lung disease? Primary treatment glucocorticoids –
results

A

Asthma

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47
Q

Terminal bronchioles branch to form several _______________
which are the thinnest portion of the lungs and are where gas exchange
occurs

A

respiratory bronchioles

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48
Q

_________ line the terminal bronchioles and respiratory
bronchioles

A

Cuboidal epithelium

49
Q

Respiratory bronchioles connect to individual alveoli via alveolar ducts which end in____

This gives the lungs its “spongy” appearance

A

alveolar sacs

50
Q

what are the two types of “lung cells” comprise the lungs?

A

Pneumocytes type 1 & Pneumocytes type 2

51
Q

Thin simple squamous used for gas
exchange

A

Pneumocytes type 1

52
Q

larger cells which produce surfactant
preventing lung collapse due to water surface tension

A

Pneumocytes type 2

53
Q

For air to pass through the lungs it must cross three barriers

A

-Alveolar cells
-Capillary endothelial cells
- Basement membrane

54
Q

Lobes of lungs are separated by

A

fissures

55
Q

the ___ of each lung is cone-shaped
and pointed superiorly

A

apex

56
Q

R lung is shorter due to compensation for the

A

Liver

57
Q

L lung contains the “cardiac” notch to compensate for the

A

Heart

58
Q

Dense connective tissue wraps around lung and anchors it at the

A

“root of
the lung”

59
Q

Each lung is surrounded by a single_____ separated by the
mediastinum

A

pleural cavity

60
Q

______is the serous membrane containing both the visceral (inner) and
parietal (outer) portion of the pleura

A

Pleura

61
Q

______ separate bronchopulmonary segments into “Pulmonary
lobules” each have blood vessels, elastic fibers and nerve innervation

A

Tiny interlobular septa

62
Q

Blood supply nourishes the conducting portion of the lungs and is used at the___

A

alveoli for gas exchange

63
Q

Blood pressure is lower in ___ and can have capillaries
blocked by a clot causing a “pulmonary embolism”

A

pulmonary circuit

64
Q

Lungs are the major source of the

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

65
Q

includes external and internal respiration

A

Respiration

66
Q

exchange of oxygen and CO2 between
environment and interstitial fluid

A

External respiration

67
Q

Consists of pulmonary ventilation, gas diffusion, and oxygen/CO2
transportation

A

External respiration

68
Q

exchange of oxygen and CO2 between cells

A

Internal respiration

69
Q

the use of oxygen and release of CO2 in cell for
energy (at the mitochondrial level)

A

Cellular respiration

70
Q

oxygen is completely cut off

A

anoxia

71
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Breathing

72
Q

____is the movement of air into and out
of the respiratory system to provide alveolar ventilation

A

Pulmonary ventilation

73
Q

the movement of air into and out of the alveoli

A

alveolar ventilation

74
Q

Air flow moves into and out of the lungs via ___

A

Pressure gradients

75
Q

a decrease in volume increases pressure and
an increase in volume decreases pressure

A

Boyle’s Law of pressure

76
Q

Boyle’s gas law affects

A

the lungs directly

77
Q

consists of inspiration (inhalation), expiration
(exhalation) and involves pressure gradients that follow Boyle’s gas law

A

Respiratory cycle

78
Q

As the diaphragm contracts (drops) the lungs increase in size and
cause a suction on the airways

A

(increased volume = drop in
pressure) forcing air into the conduction system

79
Q

As the diaphragm and intercostal muscle rebound and relax the
lungs decrease in size and cause a force on the airways pushing
air out of the lungs and conducting system

A

Decreased volume =
increase in pressure

80
Q

Pressure in the alveoli is called

A

Intrapulmonary pressure or alveolar pressure

81
Q

The difference in atm pressure is normally low

A

(+ or - 1 mmHg)

82
Q

Can increase in trained athletes to

A

+ or - 30 mmHg

83
Q

-Bronchodilation/contraction
-Connective tissue of lung
- Surfactant produced
- Respiratory muscles

A

Factor affecting pulmonary ventilation include

84
Q

-Contraction of diaphragm (75% contribution)
- Contraction of external intercostals muscles (25% contribution)
-Contraction of accessory muscle, scalene, SCM, serratus anterior,
and intercostal muscles

A

Inhalation involves

85
Q

-Internal intercostals and transversus thoracis depress ribs
- Ex/In obliques, transvers abdominis, and rectus abdominis aid to
compress abdomen

A

Exhalation involves

86
Q

quite breathing

A

eupnea

87
Q

involves normal
contraction of muscles and is passive breathing

A

eupnea

88
Q

Elastic rebound is the primary driving force of

A

exhalation

89
Q

Either the diaphragm or intercostals are primary driving force of

A

inhalation

90
Q

involves active inspiration and expiration
movements

A

Forces breathing (hyperpnea)

91
Q

__ involved with inhalation and exhalation and may
involve abdominal muscles in extreme force

A

Accessory muscle

92
Q

number of breaths (adults at rest = 12-18, children 18-20)

A

Respiratory rate

93
Q

the amount of air moved into or out of the lungs during
a single respiratory cycle

A

Tidal volume (Vt)

94
Q

How is called the amount of air moved each
minute and is a calculation??

A

Respiratory minute volume (RMV)

95
Q

measure pulmonary ventilation

A

RMV

96
Q

Can increase by increasing tidal volume or respiratory rate

A

RMV

97
Q

Only 350ml of 500ml reaches the alveoli for

A

gas exchange

98
Q

The remaining air (150ml) is found in the conducting system
called

A

anatomic dead space

99
Q

the amount of air reaching the alveoli (much
more important overall)

A

Alveolar ventilation

100
Q

For alveolar ventilation to increase

A

both tidal volume and
respiratory rate must increase  increasing one will only affect
respiratory minute volume and leave alveolar ventilation unchanged

101
Q

measures pulmonary ventilation

A

Spirometry

102
Q

amount of air that can be voluntarily
expelled after a quite respiratory cycle

A

Expiratory reserve volume

103
Q

the amount of air left over after exhalation

A

Residual volume

104
Q

the amount of air if lungs collapsed

A

Minimal volume

105
Q

is the amount of air that can be
voluntarily inhaled above the tidal wave

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

106
Q

is the amount of air that can be drawn out
of the lungs after a quite breath (equals the total volume + IRV)

A

Inspiratory capacity

107
Q

the amount of air remaining
in the lungs after a quiet respiratory cycle (equals the
ERV + residual volume)

A

Functional residual capacity

108
Q

the maximum amount of air that can be moved into or
out of the lungs in a single respiratory cycle

A

Vital Capacity

109
Q

total volume of lungs can hold (600mL in males,
4200 mL in females)

A

Total lung capacity

110
Q

Gases are exchanged between the alveoli and the blood through diffusion as a
result of ________

A

concentration gradients

111
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

(Partial Pressure)

112
Q

Environmental air has a mixture of elements including mainly N2
(nitrogen gas, 80%) and oxygen (20%) with a small amount of water vapor,
carbon monoxide and any other toxicant from industry

A

Dalton’s Law

113
Q

The contribution of a single gas to the pressure of the
whole in a mixture of gases (any gas’s contribution can be figured out due to
knowing atm = 760 mmHg and each gasses percentage of air)

A

Partial Pressure

114
Q

(Diffusion of liquids and Gasses)

A

Henry’s Law

115
Q

Gas can dissolve into a liquid solution under pressure (think – soda)

A

Henry’s Law

116
Q

The amount of that gas in solution is proportional to the partial pressure
of that gas – Henry’s Law

A

-Increased pressure will drive the gas into solution
- Decreased (reduced) pressure will drive the gas out of solution
- At equilibrium between gas and solution, the gas will diffuse out
and back into solution (gas molecules in solution stay constant)

117
Q

The actual amount of gas in solution will depend on its solubility in the
blood

A

CO2 has high solubility, O2 has low, N has low

118
Q
A

a&p2 (7 decks)

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